<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2019-1-39-48</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1697</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ВОСПАЛЕНИЕ И ИММУНИТЕТ: РОЛЬ В ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ ОСТЕОАРТРИТА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNITY: A ROLE OF PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий лабораторией клинической иммунофармакологии</p><p>630047, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, 14. Тел.: 8 (923) 107-51-00; Факс: 8 (383) 228-25-47.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Laboratory of Clinical Immunopharmacology</p><p>630047, Novosibirsk, Yadrintsevskaya str., 14. Phone: 7 (923) 107-51-00; Fax: 7 (383) 228-25-47.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valery.shirinsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казыгашева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazygasheva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории клинической иммунофармакологии</p><p>г. Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Assistant, Laboratory of Clinical Immunopharmacology</p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммунофармакологии </p><p>г. Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Research Associate, Laboratory of Clinical Immunopharmacology </p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ширинский В.С., Казыгашева Е.В., Ширинский И.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ширинский В.С., Казыгашева Е.В., Ширинский И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shirinsky V.S., Kazygasheva E.V., Shirinsky I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1697">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1697</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре анализируются данные литературы, свидетельствующие об участии воспаления синовиальной ткани, субхондральной кости, гуморального и клеточного иммунного ответа к различным аутоантигенам хряща в инициации и прогрессировании первичного остеоартрита (ОА). В большинстве работ показано, что воспаление в синовиальной ткани у больных ОА менее выражено, чем у больных РА, но выше, чем у здоровых людей. Среди клеток воспалительного инфильтрата синовии больных ОА  преобладают макрофаги и T-лимфоциты. Некоторые авторы обнаружили в синовии больных ОА тучные клетки, причем содержание этих клеток было больше, чем у здоровых людей, и значимо больше, чем у больных РА. Большинство исследователей выявили в синовиальной ткани больных ОА значительное число цитокинов, связанных с клетками как врожденного, так и приобретенного иммунитета, в ряде исследований источник цитокинов не был идентифицирован. Регистрировались как провоспалительные, так и противовоспалительные цитокины: IL-1b, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL- 18. Кроме того, некоторые исследователи выявили IL-5, IL-13, IL-19, IL-21, IL-26, IL-32, а также TGF-b. На участие адаптивного иммуного ответа в патогенезе ОА указывает наличие в синовиальной ткани, жидкости, сыворотке периферической крови больных ОА антител к антигенным детерминантам коллагенов II, IX, XI, аггрекану, фрагментам фибронектина. Результаты исследований убедительно свидетельствуют о роли хронического воспаления, изменений врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета в патогенезе ОА, что оправдывает замену прежнего названия болезни «остеоартроз» на современное «остеоартрит». Это новое понимание патогенеза ОА является принципиальным, поскольку обосновывает современные методы противовоспалительной терапии и поиск новых терапевтических мишеней. Приводятся результаты оценки эффективности и безопасности некоторых методов противовоспалительного лечения ОА. До настоящего времени терапия ОА, направленная на уменьшение воспаления, не была успешной. Так, результаты клинических испытаний применения анти-TNFα и анти-IL-1b-терапии для лечения ОА не показали клинически значимого эффекта, несмотря на многочисленные работы, свидетельствующие о большом содержании TNFα и IL-1b в синовиальной ткани, жидкости, субхондральной кости больных ОА и их предполагаемой роли в патогенезе. С другой стороны, клинический эффект был зарегистрирован при использовании ингибитора IL-1 диацереина, что, вероятно, обусловлено плейотропным действием этого препарата. Подчеркивается, что повышение эффективности антивоспалительной и иммуномодулирующей терапии может быть достигнуто за счет ее применения в начальной стадии болезни, что определяет необходимость разработки информативных маркеров «раннего» ОА.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this review we analyze literature data concerning participation of synovial inflammation, subchondral bone, humoral and cellular immune responses towards various cartilage autoantigens in the initiation and progression of primary osteoarthritis (OA). The vast majority of studies showed that the synovial inaflammation in OA is less pronounced than in RA but is more pronounced than in healthy people. In OA synovial tissue, macrophages and T-cells predominate in the inflammatory infiltrate. Some authors detected mast cells in the OA synovium in quantities higher than in healthy control and significantly higher than in RA patients. Most of researchers found many cytokines related to innate and adaptive immune cells in the OA synovial tissue, while in some studies the cells producing those cytokines were not identified. Among the cytokines there were both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory ones: IL-1b, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18. In addition, some authors detected IL-5, IL-13, IL-19, IL-21, IL-26, IL-32, and TGFb. A role of adaptive immune response in OA is supported by the presence of autoantibodies against antigen determinants of collagens type II, IX, XI, aggrecan, fibronectin fragments, in the synovial tissue, synovium fluid, and peripheral blood serum. The research data clearly support a role of chronic inflammation and changes in innate and adaptive immune response in the pathogenesis of OA thus justifying the change of the disease name from “osteoarthrosis” to “osteoarthritis”. This novel understanding of OA pathogenesis is paramount as it provides a rationale for modern anti-inflammatory treatments and discovery of new therapeutic targets. We discuss the results of studies evaluating efficacy and safety of some types of anti-inflammatory treatment of OA. Until now, treatment of OA directed on inflammation control was not successful. Thus, clinical trials of anti-TNFα anti-IL-1b strategies for the treatment of OA did not show clinically significant improvement in spite of multiple studies demonstrating elevated concentrations of TNFα and IL-1bin synovial fluid and subchondral bone in OA thus suggesting the role of these cytokines in the OA pathogenesis. On the other side, treatment with IL-1 inhibitor diacerein was found to be effective which can be explained by pleiotropic effects of this drug. It should be stressed out that in order to increase the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatments of OA they should be initiated at early disease stages, thus necessitating the use of new informative biormarkers of early OA.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеоартрит</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>иммунная система</kwd><kwd>синовиальная оболочка</kwd><kwd>противовоспалительные средства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteoarthritis</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>immune system</kwd><kwd>synovial membrane</kwd><kwd>anti-inflammatory drugs</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Л.И., Зайцева Е.М. Перспективные направления терапии остеоартроза // Научно-практическая ревматология, 2014. Т. 52, № 3. С. 247-250. [Alekseeva L.I., Zaitseva E.M. Perspective direction of osteoarthritis therapy. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice, 2014, Vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 247-250. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Алексеева Л.И., Зайцева Е.М. Перспективные направления терапии остеоартроза // Научно-практическая ревматология, 2014. Т. 52, № 3. С. 247-250. [Alekseeva L.I., Zaitseva E.M. Perspective direction of osteoarthritis therapy. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice, 2014, Vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 247-250. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балабанова Р.М. Роль иммунного воспаления в патогенезе остеоартроза, возможности коррекции иммунных нарушений // Современная ревматология, 2011. Т. 5, № 4. C. 74-78. [Balabanova R.M. Role of immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis and possibilities of correction of immune impairments. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal, 2011, Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 74-78.(In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Балабанова Р.М. Роль иммунного воспаления в патогенезе остеоартроза, возможности коррекции иммунных нарушений // Современная ревматология, 2011. Т. 5, № 4. C. 74-78. [Balabanova R.M. Role of immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis and possibilities of correction of immune impairments. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal, 2011, Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 74-78.(In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галушко Е.А. Медико-социальная значимость ревматических заболеваний: дис. ... докт. мед. наук. М.: ФГБУ «НИИР» РАМН, 2011. [Galushko E.A. Medico-social importance of rheumatic diseases: Dr. Diss. (Med. Sci.)]. Moscow: Scientific and Research Institute of Rheumatology, RAMS, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Галушко Е.А. Медико-социальная значимость ревматических заболеваний: дис. ... докт. мед. наук. М.: ФГБУ «НИИР» РАМН, 2011. [Galushko E.A. Medico-social importance of rheumatic diseases: Dr. Diss. (Med. Sci.)]. Moscow: Scientific and Research Institute of Rheumatology, RAMS, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головач И.Ю. Остеоартрит: фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты этиопатогенеза заболевания – ничего не стоит на месте // Украинский ревматологический журнал, 2014. № 56. С. 4-10. [Golovach I. Yu., Osteoarthritis: fundamental and applied aspects of the etiopathogenesis of the disease – nothing stands still. Ukrainskiy revmatologicheskiy zhurnal = Ukrainian Journal of Rheumatology, 2014, no. 56, pp. 4-10.(In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Головач И.Ю. Остеоартрит: фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты этиопатогенеза заболевания – ничего не стоит на месте // Украинский ревматологический журнал, 2014. № 56. С. 4-10. [Golovach I. Yu., Osteoarthritis: fundamental and applied aspects of the etiopathogenesis of the disease – nothing stands still. Ukrainskiy revmatologicheskiy zhurnal = Ukrainian Journal of Rheumatology, 2014, no. 56, pp. 4-10.(In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дубиков А.И. Остеоартроз: старая болезнь, новые подходы // Современная ревматология, 2013. Т. 7, № 2. С. 82-86. [Dubikov A.I. Osteoarthrosis: An old disease, novel approaches. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal, 2013, Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 82-86.(In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Дубиков А.И. Остеоартроз: старая болезнь, новые подходы // Современная ревматология, 2013. Т. 7, № 2. С. 82-86. [Dubikov A.I. Osteoarthrosis: An old disease, novel approaches. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal, 2013, Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 82-86.(In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казыгашева Е.В., Ширинский В.С., Ширинский И.В. Диабет-ассоциированный остеоартрит – синтропия? // Медицинская иммунология, 2016. Т. 18, № 4. С. 317-330. [Kazygasheva E.V., Shirinsky V.S., Shirinsky I.V. Diabetes-associated osteoarthritis: a syntropy? Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2016, Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 317-330.(In Russ.)] doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2016-4-317-330.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Казыгашева Е.В., Ширинский В.С., Ширинский И.В. Диабет-ассоциированный остеоартрит – синтропия? // Медицинская иммунология, 2016. Т. 18, № 4. С. 317-330. [Kazygasheva E.V., Shirinsky V.S., Shirinsky I.V. Diabetes-associated osteoarthritis: a syntropy? Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2016, Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 317-330.(In Russ.)] doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2016-4-317-330.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ширинский И.В., Калиновская Н.Ю., Ширинский В.С. Клинико-иммунологическая характеристика диабет-ассоциированного остеоартрита // Медицинская иммунология, 2015. Т. 17, № 1. С. 87-92. [Shirinsky I.V., Kalinovskaya N.Yu., Shirinsky V.S. Clinico-immunological characteristics of diabetes – associated osteoarthritis.Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2015, Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 87-92. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2015-1-87-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ширинский И.В., Калиновская Н.Ю., Ширинский В.С. Клинико-иммунологическая характеристика диабет-ассоциированного остеоартрита // Медицинская иммунология, 2015. Т. 17, № 1. С. 87-92. [Shirinsky I.V., Kalinovskaya N.Yu., Shirinsky V.S. Clinico-immunological characteristics of diabetes – associated osteoarthritis.Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2015, Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 87-92. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2015-1-87-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alsalameh S., Jahn B., Krause A., Kalden J.R., Burmester G.R. Antigenicity and accessory cell function of human articular chondrocytes. J. Rheumatol., 1991, Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 414-421.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alsalameh S., Jahn B., Krause A., Kalden J.R., Burmester G.R. Antigenicity and accessory cell function of human articular chondrocytes. J. Rheumatol., 1991, Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 414-421.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashish R.S., Supriya J., Sang-Soo L., Ju-Suk N. Interplay between cartilage and subchondral bone contributing to pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2013, Vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 19805-19830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashish R.S., Supriya J., Sang-Soo L., Ju-Suk N. Interplay between cartilage and subchondral bone contributing to pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2013, Vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 19805-19830.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Battaglia M., Gregori S., Bacchetta R., Roncarolo M.G. Tr1 cells: from discovery to their clinical application. Semin. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 120-127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Battaglia M., Gregori S., Bacchetta R., Roncarolo M.G. Tr1 cells: from discovery to their clinical application. Semin. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 120-127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not ostearthrosis!). Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2013, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 16-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not ostearthrosis!). Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2013, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 16-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bijlsma J.W., Berenbaum F., Lafeber F.P. Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice.Lancet, 2011, no. 377, pp. 2115-2126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bijlsma J.W., Berenbaum F., Lafeber F.P. Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice.Lancet, 2011, no. 377, pp. 2115-2126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Busby W.H., Yocum S.A., Rowland M. Complement 1s is the serine protease that cleaves IGFBP-5 in human osteoarthritic joint fluid. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2009, Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 547-555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Busby W.H., Yocum S.A., Rowland M. Complement 1s is the serine protease that cleaves IGFBP-5 in human osteoarthritic joint fluid. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2009, Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 547-555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calich A.L.G., Domiciano D.S., Fuller R. Osteoarthritis: can anti-cytokine therapy play a role in treatment. Clin. Rheumatol., 2010, Vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 451-455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calich A.L.G., Domiciano D.S., Fuller R. Osteoarthritis: can anti-cytokine therapy play a role in treatment. Clin. Rheumatol., 2010, Vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 451-455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castaneda S., Roman-Blas J.A., Largo R., Herrero-Beaumont G. Osteoarthritis: a progressive disease with changing phenotypes. Rheumatology, 2014, Vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castaneda S., Roman-Blas J.A., Largo R., Herrero-Beaumont G. Osteoarthritis: a progressive disease with changing phenotypes. Rheumatology, 2014, Vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cirillo D.J., Wallace R.B., Wu L., Yood R.A. Effect of hormone therapy on risk of hip and knee joint replacement in the Women’s Health Initiative. Arthritis Rheum., 2006, Vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 3194-3204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cirillo D.J., Wallace R.B., Wu L., Yood R.A. Effect of hormone therapy on risk of hip and knee joint replacement in the Women’s Health Initiative. Arthritis Rheum., 2006, Vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 3194-3204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">da Costa B., Reichenbach S., Keller N., Nartey L., Wandel S., Jüni P., Trelle S. Effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of pain in knee and hip osteoarthritis: a network meta-analysis. Lancet, 2016, Vol. 387, no. 10033, pp. 2093-2105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">da Costa B., Reichenbach S., Keller N., Nartey L., Wandel S., Jüni P., Trelle S. Effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of pain in knee and hip osteoarthritis: a network meta-analysis. Lancet, 2016, Vol. 387, no. 10033, pp. 2093-2105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Lange-Brokaar B.J., Ioan-Facsinay A., van Osch G.J., Zuurmond A.M., Schoones J., Toes R.E., Huizinga T.W., Kloppenburg M. Synovial inflammation, immune cells and their cytokines in osteoarthritis: a review. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2012, Vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1484-1499.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Lange-Brokaar B.J., Ioan-Facsinay A., van Osch G.J., Zuurmond A.M., Schoones J., Toes R.E., Huizinga T.W., Kloppenburg M. Synovial inflammation, immune cells and their cytokines in osteoarthritis: a review. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2012, Vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1484-1499.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Lange-Brokaar B.J., Kloppenburg M., Andersen S.N., Dorjée A.L., Yusuf E., Herb-van Toorn L., Kroon H.M., Zuurmond A.M., Stojanovic-Susulic V., Bloem J.L., Nelissen R.G., Toes R.E., Ioan-Facsinay A. Characterization of synovial mast cells in knee osteoarthritis: association with clinical parameters. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2016, Vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 664-671.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Lange-Brokaar B.J., Kloppenburg M., Andersen S.N., Dorjée A.L., Yusuf E., Herb-van Toorn L., Kroon H.M., Zuurmond A.M., Stojanovic-Susulic V., Bloem J.L., Nelissen R.G., Toes R.E., Ioan-Facsinay A. Characterization of synovial mast cells in knee osteoarthritis: association with clinical parameters. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2016, Vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 664-671.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dean G., Hoyland J.A., Denton J., Donn R.P., Freemont A.J. Mast cells in the synovium and synovial fluid in osteoarthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol., 1993, Vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 671-675.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dean G., Hoyland J.A., Denton J., Donn R.P., Freemont A.J. Mast cells in the synovium and synovial fluid in osteoarthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol., 1993, Vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 671-675.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Felson D.T. Osteoarthritis as a disease of mechanics. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2013, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 10-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felson D.T. Osteoarthritis as a disease of mechanics. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2013, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 10-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haseeb A., Haqqi T.M. Immunopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Clin. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 185-196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haseeb A., Haqqi T.M. Immunopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Clin. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 185-196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houli J., Roimicher S., I. Paciornik I., de Paola D. Synovial tissue in osteoarthritis of the knee. Acta Rheumatol. Scand., 1959, no. 5, pp. 122-135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houli J., Roimicher S., I. Paciornik I., de Paola D. Synovial tissue in osteoarthritis of the knee. Acta Rheumatol. Scand., 1959, no. 5, pp. 122-135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kandahari A.M., Yang X., Dighe A.S., Pan D., Cui Q. Recognition of immune response for the early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. J. Immunol. Res., 2015, Vol. 2015, 192415, 13 p. doi:10.1155/2015/192415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kandahari A.M., Yang X., Dighe A.S., Pan D., Cui Q. Recognition of immune response for the early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. J. Immunol. Res., 2015, Vol. 2015, 192415, 13 p. doi:10.1155/2015/192415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapoor M., Martel-Pelletier J., Lajeunesse D., Pelletier J.-P., Fahmi H. Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2011, Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapoor M., Martel-Pelletier J., Lajeunesse D., Pelletier J.-P., Fahmi H. Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2011, Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koizumi F., Matsuno H., Wakaki K., Ishii Y., Kurashige Y., Nakamura H. Synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: scoring of characteristic histopathological features. Pathol. Int., 1999, no. 49, pp. 298-304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koizumi F., Matsuno H., Wakaki K., Ishii Y., Kurashige Y., Nakamura H. Synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: scoring of characteristic histopathological features. Pathol. Int., 1999, no. 49, pp. 298-304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kraan M.C., Haringman J.J., Post W.J., Versendaal J., Breedveld F.C., Tak P.P. Immunohistological analysis of synovial tissue for differential diagnosis in early arthritis. Rheumatology, 1999, no. 38, pp. 1074-1080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraan M.C., Haringman J.J., Post W.J., Versendaal J., Breedveld F.C., Tak P.P. Immunohistological analysis of synovial tissue for differential diagnosis in early arthritis. Rheumatology, 1999, no. 38, pp. 1074-1080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krenn V., Morawietz L., Burmester G.R., Kinne R.W., Mueller-Ladner U., Muller B., Haupl T. Synovitis score: discrimination between chronic low-grade and high-grade synovitis. Histopathology, 2006, Vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 358-364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krenn V., Morawietz L., Burmester G.R., Kinne R.W., Mueller-Ladner U., Muller B., Haupl T. Synovitis score: discrimination between chronic low-grade and high-grade synovitis. Histopathology, 2006, Vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 358-364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kummer J.A., Tak P.P., Brinkman B.M. Expression of granzymes A and B in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1994, Vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 88-95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kummer J.A., Tak P.P., Brinkman B.M. Expression of granzymes A and B in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1994, Vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 88-95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leeb B.F., Rintelen B. Systematic meta-analysis trials with Diacerhein in osteoarthritis. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2005, no. 13, S 68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leeb B.F., Rintelen B. Systematic meta-analysis trials with Diacerhein in osteoarthritis. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2005, no. 13, S 68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malemud C.J. Anticytokine therapy for osteoarthritis: evidence to date. Drugs and Aging., 2010, Vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 95-115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malemud C.J. Anticytokine therapy for osteoarthritis: evidence to date. Drugs and Aging., 2010, Vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 95-115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oehler S., Neureiter D. Subtyping of osteoarthritic synoviopathy. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 2002, no. 20, pp. 633-640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oehler S., Neureiter D. Subtyping of osteoarthritic synoviopathy. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 2002, no. 20, pp. 633-640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavelka K., Trc T., Karpas K. The efficacy and safety of Diacerhein in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with primery end points at two months after the end of a three month treatment period. Arthr. Rheum., 2007, no. 56, pp. 4055-4064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavelka K., Trc T., Karpas K. The efficacy and safety of Diacerhein in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with primery end points at two months after the end of a three month treatment period. Arthr. Rheum., 2007, no. 56, pp. 4055-4064.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pessler F., Chen L.X., Dai L., Gomez-Vaquero C., Diaz-Torne C. A histomorphometric analysis of synovial biopsies from individuals with Gulf War Veterans Illness and joint pain compared to normal and osteoarthritis synovium. Clin. Rheumatol., 2009, Vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1127-1134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pessler F., Chen L.X., Dai L., Gomez-Vaquero C., Diaz-Torne C. A histomorphometric analysis of synovial biopsies from individuals with Gulf War Veterans Illness and joint pain compared to normal and osteoarthritis synovium. Clin. Rheumatol., 2009, Vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1127-1134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reginster J.Y., Badurski J., Bellamy N., Bensen W., Chapurlat R., Chevalier X., Christiansen C., Genant H., Navarro F., Nasonov E., Sambrook P.N., Spector T.D., Cooper C. Efficacy and safety of strontium ranelate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: results of a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2013, Vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 179-186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reginster J.Y., Badurski J., Bellamy N., Bensen W., Chapurlat R., Chevalier X., Christiansen C., Genant H., Navarro F., Nasonov E., Sambrook P.N., Spector T.D., Cooper C. Efficacy and safety of strontium ranelate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: results of a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2013, Vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 179-186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rintelen B., Neumann K., Leeb B.F. A meta-analysis of controlled clinical studies with Diacerhein in the treatment osteoarthritis. Arch. Intern. Med., 2006, no. 166, pp. 1899-1906.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rintelen B., Neumann K., Leeb B.F. A meta-analysis of controlled clinical studies with Diacerhein in the treatment osteoarthritis. Arch. Intern. Med., 2006, no. 166, pp. 1899-1906.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robinson W.H., Lepus C.M., Wang Q., Raghu H., Mao M,, Lindstrom T.M., Sokolove J. Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2016, Vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 580-592.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robinson W.H., Lepus C.M., Wang Q., Raghu H., Mao M,, Lindstrom T.M., Sokolove J. Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2016, Vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 580-592.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saito I., Koshino T., Nakashima K., Uesugi M., Saito T. Increased cellular infiltrate in inflammatory synovia of osteoarthritic knees. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2002, Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 156-162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saito I., Koshino T., Nakashima K., Uesugi M., Saito T. Increased cellular infiltrate in inflammatory synovia of osteoarthritic knees. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2002, Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 156-162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakkas L.I., Platsoucas C.D. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2007, Vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 409-424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakkas L.I., Platsoucas C.D. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2007, Vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 409-424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scanzello C.R., GoldringS.R. The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Bone, 2012, Vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 249-257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scanzello C.R., GoldringS.R. The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Bone, 2012, Vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 249-257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schelbergen R.F.P., Blom A.B. Alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 elicit a catabolic effect in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes that is dependent on toll-like receptor 4. Arthritis Rheum., 2012, Vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1477-1487.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schelbergen R.F.P., Blom A.B. Alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 elicit a catabolic effect in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes that is dependent on toll-like receptor 4. Arthritis Rheum., 2012, Vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 1477-1487.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze-Koops H., Kalden J.R. The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol., 2001, Vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 677-691.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze-Koops H., Kalden J.R. The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol., 2001, Vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 677-691.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sellam J., Berenbaum F. The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2010, Vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 625-635.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sellam J., Berenbaum F. The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2010, Vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 625-635.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shiokawa S., Matsumato N., Nishimura J. Clonal analysis of B cells in the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 2003, Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 12-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shiokawa S., Matsumato N., Nishimura J. Clonal analysis of B cells in the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 2003, Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 12-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sokolove J., Lepus Ch.M. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: latest findings and interpretations. Ther. Adv. Musculoskel. Dis., 2013, Vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 77-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolove J., Lepus Ch.M. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: latest findings and interpretations. Ther. Adv. Musculoskel. Dis., 2013, Vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 77-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stürmer T., Brenner H., Koenig W., Günther K.P. Severity and extent of osteoarthritis and low grade systemic inflammation as assessed by high sensitivity C reactive protein. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2004, Vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 200-205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stürmer T., Brenner H., Koenig W., Günther K.P. Severity and extent of osteoarthritis and low grade systemic inflammation as assessed by high sensitivity C reactive protein. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2004, Vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 200-205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su S.-L., Tsai C.-D., Lee C.-H., Salter D.M., Lee H.-S. Expression and regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 by IL-1βand fibronectin fragments in human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2005, Vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 879-886.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su S.-L., Tsai C.-D., Lee C.-H., Salter D.M., Lee H.-S. Expression and regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 by IL-1βand fibronectin fragments in human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarth. Cartilage, 2005, Vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 879-886.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tak P.P., Spaeny-Dekking L., Kraan M.C., Breedveld F.C., Froelich C.J., Hack C.E. The levels of soluble granzyme A and B are elevated in plasma and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1999, Vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 366-370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tak P.P., Spaeny-Dekking L., Kraan M.C., Breedveld F.C., Froelich C.J., Hack C.E. The levels of soluble granzyme A and B are elevated in plasma and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1999, Vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 366-370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vlad S.C., Neogi T., Aliabadi P., Fontes J.D., Felson D.T. No association between markers of inflammation and osteoarthritis of the hands and knees. J. Rheumatol., 2011, Vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1665-1670.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlad S.C., Neogi T., Aliabadi P., Fontes J.D., Felson D.T. No association between markers of inflammation and osteoarthritis of the hands and knees. J. Rheumatol., 2011, Vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1665-1670.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang O., Rozelle A.L., Lepus C.M. Identification of a central role for complement in osteoarthritis. Nat. Med., 2011, Vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1674-1679.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang O., Rozelle A.L., Lepus C.M. Identification of a central role for complement in osteoarthritis. Nat. Med., 2011, Vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1674-1679.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wojdasiewicz P., Poniatowski L. A., Szukiewicz D. The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm., 2014, Vol. 2014, 561459, 19 p. doi:10.1155/2014/561459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wojdasiewicz P., Poniatowski L. A., Szukiewicz D. The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm., 2014, Vol. 2014, 561459, 19 p. doi:10.1155/2014/561459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xing R.L., Zhao L.R., Wang P. M. Bisphosphonates therapy for osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. SpringerPlus, 2016, Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 1704.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xing R.L., Zhao L.R., Wang P. M. Bisphosphonates therapy for osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. SpringerPlus, 2016, Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 1704.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuan G.-H., Masuko-Hongo K., Kato T., Nishioka K. Immunologic intervention in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2003, Vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 602-611.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuan G.-H., Masuko-Hongo K., Kato T., Nishioka K. Immunologic intervention in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2003, Vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 602-611.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yudoh K., Matsuno H., Nakazawa F., Yonezawa T., Kimura T. Reduced expression of the regulatory CD4 + T cell subset is related to Th1/Th2 balance and disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2000, Vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 617-627.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yudoh K., Matsuno H., Nakazawa F., Yonezawa T., Kimura T. Reduced expression of the regulatory CD4 + T cell subset is related to Th1/Th2 balance and disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2000, Vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 617-627.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
