<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-OAI-1521</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1521</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Остеоиммунология: междисциплинарный подход к изучению взаимодействия клеток иммунной системы и костной ткани</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Osteoimmunology: an interdisciplinary approach to studying the relationships between immune and bone cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-9303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммунофармакологии</p><p>г. Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Chief Research Associate, Laboratory of Clinical Immunopharmacology</p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valery.shirinsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8603-3406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширинский Иван Валерьевич, д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, врач-ревматолог, заведующий лабораторией клинической иммунофармакологии</p><p>630047, г. Новосибирск, ул. Залесского, 6Тел.: 8 (913) 018-61-16.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shirinsky Ivan V. PhD, MD (Medicine), Laeding Research Associate, Rheumatologist, Head, Laboratory of Clinical Immunopharmacology</p><p>630047, Novosibirsk, Zalessky str., 6Phone: 7 (913) 018-61-16</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivan.shirinsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>911</fpage><lpage>930</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ширинский В.С., Ширинский И.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ширинский В.С., Ширинский И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shirinsky V.S., Shirinsky I.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1521">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1521</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре представлены молекулярные и клеточные механизмы взаимодействия клеток иммунной системы и кости, объединенные понятием «остеоиммунология», при физиологических условиях и некоторых патологических состояниях. Дана краткая характеристика основных клеток костной ткани (остеобласты, остеокласты, остеоциты), макрофаги костного мозга, остеомаки, описано их влияние на иммунокомпетентные клетки при моделировании и ремоделировании кости. Представлены данные о молекулярных механизмах регуляции клетками кости содержания и активности стволовых кроветворных клеток, Т- и В-лимфоцитов, макрофагов, формировании «эндостальной ниши». Описано ключевое звено гомеостаза костной ткани – лиганд-рецепторная система RANK/ RANKL/OPG, непосредственно регулирующее дифференцировку остеокластов и разрушение кости, представлены данные об участии этой системы в созревании и активности различных субпопуляций Т-лимфоцитов и В-клеток. Представлены данные о многостороннем влиянии Т-лимфоцитов, В-лимфоцитов, дендритных клеток, различных субпопуляции макрофагов, Treg, NK-клеток, нейтрофилов на дифференцировку и функциональную активность остеобластов и остеокластов, способствующему накоплению и поддержанию костной массы. Охарактеризованы механизмы этого влияния, связанные с контактным взаимодействием и/или с помощью продукции различных медиаторов, многообразных внутриклеточных сигнальных молекул. Подробно описаны взаимодействие клеток костной ткани и клеток иммунной системы, молекулярные механизмы этого взаимодействия при воспалении. Приводится краткая характеристика некоторых заболеваний, при которых сочетанные нарушения функции клеток иммунной системы и клеток кости играют решающую роль в развитии болезни (переломы кости, ревматоидный артрит и пародонтоз, постменопаузальный остеопороз, множественная миелома). Показано, что у больных РА и пародонтозом деструктивное воспаление кости, которое завершается потерей массы кости, характеризуется сходными патофизиологическими механизмами с участием иммунокомпетентных клеток и клеток костной ткани. Считается, что для этих заболеваний необходимы новые стратегии лечения, направленные не только на ингибирование провоспалительных цитокинов, но и процессы повышенной резорбции костей. Описано участие активированных Т-клеток, их цитокинов в патогенезе постменопаузального остеопороза, что позволило предложить в 2018 году термин «иммунопороз». Дана характеристика взаимодействия опухолевых клеток больных миеломой с клетками микроокружения костного мозга, которое осуществляется в результате контактного взаимодействия или действия растворимых факторов с остеокластами, стромальными клетками и остеобластами. В результате этих взаимодействий происходит развитие остеолиза, потеря костной массы, расширение и прогрессирование миеломы. Заключается, что тесное взаимодействие клеток иммунной системы и костной ткани представляет собой неразрывное целое и это определяет перспективу выявления новых терапевтических мишеней в лечении костных заболеваний и заболеваний иммунной системы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this review, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cross-talk between immune cells and bone cells, both in healthy conditions and in some diseases. We provide short description of the main cell populations of bone tissue, i.e., osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, bone marrow macrophages, OsteoMacs, and their effects on immune cells during bone modeling and remodeling. The data are presented on regulatory molecular pathways of bone marrow cell activity, T and B cells, macrophages, and formation of “endosteal niche” by the bone cells. We describe the key system of bone tissue homeostasis: RANK/RANKL/ OPG, which regulates differentiation of osteoclasts and bone destruction. In addition, RANK/RANKL/ OPG system modulates maturation and activity of various T and B cell subsets. We present the data on pleiotropic effects of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophage subpopulations, Tregs, NK cells, neutrophils upon differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These effects promote accumulation and maintenance of the bone mass. We describe mechanisms of these effects based on direct cell-to-cell contacts and various soluble mediators and intracellular signaling pathways. A brief characteristic of some diseases is provided with concomitant dysfunction of immune cells and bone cells which play a decisive pathogenetic role (fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, postmenopausal osteoporosis, multiple myeloma). It was shown that the destructive bone inflammation, both in RA and periodontitis, leads to loss of bone mass, being featured by similar pathophysiological mechanisms involving immune and bone cell populations. Therapy of these diseases requires newer treatment strategies aimed not only at pro-inflammatory cytokines, but for increased bone resorption. We describe involvement of activated T cells, their cytokines into the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis, thus providing a rationale for the novel term of “immunoporosis”, coined in 2018. The relationships between multiple myeloma cells and bone marrow microenvironment are provided. This cross-talk is based on contact cell-cell interactions, as well as due to effects of soluble mediators upon osteoclasts, stromal cells, and osteoblasts. These effects result in osteolysis, loss of bone mass, and myeloma progression. In conclusion, the relationships between the immune and bone cell populations suggest that they function as an entire regulatory system. This consideration provides a framework for the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone and immune system disorders.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеоиммунология</kwd><kwd>остеобласты</kwd><kwd>остеокласты</kwd><kwd>остеоциты</kwd><kwd>лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>дендритные клетки</kwd><kwd>кость</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>ревматоидный артрит</kwd><kwd>пародонтит</kwd><kwd>остеопороз</kwd><kwd>миелома</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteoimmunology</kwd><kwd>osteoblasts</kwd><kwd>osteoclasts</kwd><kwd>osteocytes</kwd><kwd>lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>dendritic cells</kwd><kwd>bone</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>periodontitis</kwd><kwd>osteoporosis</kwd><kwd>myeloma</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adamopoulos I.E., Bowman E.P. Immune regulation of bone loss by Th17 cells. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2008, Vol. 10, no. 5, 225. doi: 10.1186/ar2502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adamopoulos I.E., Bowman E.P. Immune regulation of bone loss by Th17 cells. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2008, Vol. 10, no. 5, 225. doi: 10.1186/ar2502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adamopoulos I.E., Chao C.C., Geissler R., Laface D., Blumenschein W., Iwakura Y. Interleukin-17A upregulates receptor activator of NF-kappaB on osteoclast precursors. Arthritis. Res. Ther., 2010, Vol. 12, R29. doi: 10.1186/ar2936.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adamopoulos I.E., Chao C.C., Geissler R., Laface D., Blumenschein W., Iwakura Y. Interleukin-17A upregulates receptor activator of NF-kappaB on osteoclast precursors. Arthritis. Res. Ther., 2010, Vol. 12, R29. doi: 10.1186/ar2936.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adeel S., Singh K., Vydareny K.H., Kumari M., Shah E., Weitzmann M.N., Tangpricha V. Bone loss in surgically ovariectomized premenopausal women is associated with T Lymphocyte activation and thymic hypertrophy. J. Investig. Med., 2013, Vol. 61, pp. 1178-1185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adeel S., Singh K., Vydareny K.H., Kumari M., Shah E., Weitzmann M.N., Tangpricha V. Bone loss in surgically ovariectomized premenopausal women is associated with T Lymphocyte activation and thymic hypertrophy. J. Investig. Med., 2013, Vol. 61, pp. 1178-1185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahern D.J., Brennan F.M. The role of Natural Killer cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: major contributors or essential homeostatic modulators? Immunol. Lett., 2011, Vol. 136, pp. 115-121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahern D.J., Brennan F.M. The role of Natural Killer cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: major contributors or essential homeostatic modulators? Immunol. Lett., 2011, Vol. 136, pp. 115-121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akiyama K., Chen C., Wang D., Xu X., Qu C., Yamaza T. Mesenchymal-stem-cell-induced immunoregulation involves FAS-ligand-/FAS-mediated T cell apoptosis. Cell Stem Cell., 2012, Vol. 10, pp. 544-555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akiyama K., Chen C., Wang D., Xu X., Qu C., Yamaza T. Mesenchymal-stem-cell-induced immunoregulation involves FAS-ligand-/FAS-mediated T cell apoptosis. Cell Stem Cell., 2012, Vol. 10, pp. 544-555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almeida C.R., Caires H.R., Vasconcelos D.P., Barbosa M.A. NAP-2 secreted by human NL cells can stimulate mesenchymal stem/stromal cell recruitment. Stem Cell Rep., 2016, Vol. 6, pp. 466-473.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almeida C.R., Caires H.R., Vasconcelos D.P., Barbosa M.A. NAP-2 secreted by human NL cells can stimulate mesenchymal stem/stromal cell recruitment. Stem Cell Rep., 2016, Vol. 6, pp. 466-473.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amarasekara D.S., Yun H., Kim S., Lee N., Kim H., Rho J. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by cytokine networks. Immune Netw., 2018, Vol. 18, e8. doi: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amarasekara D.S., Yun H., Kim S., Lee N., Kim H., Rho J. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by cytokine networks. Immune Netw., 2018, Vol. 18, e8. doi: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An G., Acharya C., Feng X., Wen K., Zhong M., Zhang L., Munshi N.C., Qiu L., Tai Y.T., Anderson K.C. Osteoclasts promote immune suppressive microenvironment in multiple myeloma: therapeutic implication. Blood, 2016, Vol. 128, pp. 1590-1603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An G., Acharya C., Feng X., Wen K., Zhong M., Zhang L., Munshi N.C., Qiu L., Tai Y.T., Anderson K.C. Osteoclasts promote immune suppressive microenvironment in multiple myeloma: therapeutic implication. Blood, 2016, Vol. 128, pp. 1590-1603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arron J.R., Choi Y. Bone versus immune system. Nature, 2000, Vol. 408, pp. 535-536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arron J.R., Choi Y. Bone versus immune system. Nature, 2000, Vol. 408, pp. 535-536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Askalonov A.A. Changes in some indices of cellular immunity in patients with uncomplicated and complicated healing of bone fractures. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol., 1981, Vol. 25, pp. 307-310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Askalonov A.A. Changes in some indices of cellular immunity in patients with uncomplicated and complicated healing of bone fractures. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol., 1981, Vol. 25, pp. 307-310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azuma Y., Kaji K., Katogi R., Takeshita S., Kudo A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces differentiation of and bone resorption by osteoclasts. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, Vol. 275, pp. 4858-4864.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azuma Y., Kaji K., Katogi R., Takeshita S., Kudo A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces differentiation of and bone resorption by osteoclasts. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, Vol. 275, pp. 4858-4864.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartold P.M., Marshall R.I., Haynes D.R. Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: a review. J. Periodontol., 2005, Vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 2066-2074.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartold P.M., Marshall R.I., Haynes D.R. Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: a review. J. Periodontol., 2005, Vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 2066-2074.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blin-Wakkach C., Wakkach A., Sexton P.M., Rochet N., Carle G.F. Hematological defects in the oc/oc mouse, a model of infantile malignant osteopetrosis. Leukemia, 2004, Vol. 18, pp. 1505-1511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blin-Wakkach C., Wakkach A., Sexton P.M., Rochet N., Carle G.F. Hematological defects in the oc/oc mouse, a model of infantile malignant osteopetrosis. Leukemia, 2004, Vol. 18, pp. 1505-1511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolzoni M., Ronchetti D., Storti P., Donofrio G., Marchica V., Costa F., Agnelli L., Toscani D., Vescovini R., Todoerti K., Bonomini S., Sammarelli G., Vecchi A., Guasco D., Accardi F., Palma B.D., Gamberi B., Ferrari C., Neri A., Aversa F., Giuliani N. IL21R expressing CD14+ CD16 + monocytes expand in multiple myeloma patients leading to increased osteoclasts. Haematologica, 2017, Vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 773-784.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolzoni M., Ronchetti D., Storti P., Donofrio G., Marchica V., Costa F., Agnelli L., Toscani D., Vescovini R., Todoerti K., Bonomini S., Sammarelli G., Vecchi A., Guasco D., Accardi F., Palma B.D., Gamberi B., Ferrari C., Neri A., Aversa F., Giuliani N. IL21R expressing CD14+ CD16 + monocytes expand in multiple myeloma patients leading to increased osteoclasts. Haematologica, 2017, Vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 773-784.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolzoni M., Storti P., Bonomini S., Todoerti K., Guasco D., Toscani D., Agnelli L., Neri A., Rizzoli V., Giuliani N. Immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide inhibit multiple myeloma-induced osteoclast formation and the RANKL/OPG ratio in the myeloma microenvironment targeting the expression of adhesion molecules. Exp. Hematol., 2014, Vol. 41, pp. 387-397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolzoni M., Storti P., Bonomini S., Todoerti K., Guasco D., Toscani D., Agnelli L., Neri A., Rizzoli V., Giuliani N. Immunomodulatory drugs lenalidomide and pomalidomide inhibit multiple myeloma-induced osteoclast formation and the RANKL/OPG ratio in the myeloma microenvironment targeting the expression of adhesion molecules. Exp. Hematol., 2014, Vol. 41, pp. 387-397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolzoni M., Toscani D., Storti P., Marchica V., Costa F., Giuliani N. Possible targets to treat myeloma-related osteoclastogenesis. Exp. Rev. Hematol., 2018, Vol. 11, pp. 325-326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolzoni M., Toscani D., Storti P., Marchica V., Costa F., Giuliani N. Possible targets to treat myeloma-related osteoclastogenesis. Exp. Rev. Hematol., 2018, Vol. 11, pp. 325-326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyce B.F., Yao Z., Xing L. Osteoclasts have multiple roles in bone in addition to bone resorption. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr., 2009, Vol.19, pp. 171-180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyce B.F., Yao Z., Xing L. Osteoclasts have multiple roles in bone in addition to bone resorption. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr., 2009, Vol.19, pp. 171-180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breuil Y., Ticchioni M., Testa J., Roux C.H., Ferrari P., Breittmayer J.P., Albert-Sabonnadière C., Durant J., de Perreti F., Bernard A., Euller-Ziegler L., Carle G.F. Immune changes in post-menopausal osteoporosis: the immunos study. Osteoporos Int., 2010, Vol. 21. pp. 805-814.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breuil Y., Ticchioni M., Testa J., Roux C.H., Ferrari P., Breittmayer J.P., Albert-Sabonnadière C., Durant J., de Perreti F., Bernard A., Euller-Ziegler L., Carle G.F. Immune changes in post-menopausal osteoporosis: the immunos study. Osteoporos Int., 2010, Vol. 21. pp. 805-814.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunetti G., Colucci S., Pignataro P., Coricciati M., Mori G., Cirulli N. T cells support osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro model derived from human periodontitis patients. J. Periodontol., 2005, Vol. 76, pp. 1675-1680.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunetti G., Colucci S., Pignataro P., Coricciati M., Mori G., Cirulli N. T cells support osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro model derived from human periodontitis patients. J. Periodontol., 2005, Vol. 76, pp. 1675-1680.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunetti G., Rizzi R., Oranger A., Gigante I., Mori G., Taurino G., Mongelli T., Colaianni G., di Benedetto A., Tamma R., Ingravallo G., Napoli A., Faienza M.F., Mestice A., Curci P., Specchia G., Colucci S., Grano M. LIGHT/ TNFSF14 increases osteoclastogenesis and decreases osteoblastogenesis in multiple myeloma-bone disease. Oncotarget, 2014, Vol. 5, no. 24, pp. 12950-12967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunetti G., Rizzi R., Oranger A., Gigante I., Mori G., Taurino G., Mongelli T., Colaianni G., di Benedetto A., Tamma R., Ingravallo G., Napoli A., Faienza M.F., Mestice A., Curci P., Specchia G., Colucci S., Grano M. LIGHT/ TNFSF14 increases osteoclastogenesis and decreases osteoblastogenesis in multiple myeloma-bone disease. Oncotarget, 2014, Vol. 5, no. 24, pp. 12950-12967.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calvani N., Cafforio P., Silvestris F., Dammacco F. Functional osteoclast-like transformation of cultured human myeloma cell lines. Br. J. Haematol., 2005, Vol. 130, pp. 926-938.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calvani N., Cafforio P., Silvestris F., Dammacco F. Functional osteoclast-like transformation of cultured human myeloma cell lines. Br. J. Haematol., 2005, Vol. 130, pp. 926-938.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calvi L.M., Adams G.B., Weibrecht K.W., Weber J.M., Olson D.P., Knight M.C., Martin R.P., Schipani E., Divieti P., Bringhurst F.R., Milner L.A., Kronenberg H.M., Scadden D.T. Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature, 2003, Vol. 425, pp. 841-846.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calvi L.M., Adams G.B., Weibrecht K.W., Weber J.M., Olson D.P., Knight M.C., Martin R.P., Schipani E., Divieti P., Bringhurst F.R., Milner L.A., Kronenberg H.M., Scadden D.T. Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature, 2003, Vol. 425, pp. 841-846.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cantley M.D., Haynes D.R., Marino V., Bartold P.M. Pre-existing periodontitis exacerbates experimental arthritis in a mouse mode. J. Clin. Periodontol., 2011, Vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 532-541.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cantley M.D., Haynes D.R., Marino V., Bartold P.M. Pre-existing periodontitis exacerbates experimental arthritis in a mouse mode. J. Clin. Periodontol., 2011, Vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 532-541.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cappariello A., Maurizi A., Veeriah V., Teti A. The great beauty of osteoclast. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2014, Vol. 561, pp. 13-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cappariello A., Maurizi A., Veeriah V., Teti A. The great beauty of osteoclast. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2014, Vol. 561, pp. 13-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capulli M., Paone R., Rucci N. Osteoblast and osteocyte: games without frontiers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2014, Vol. 561, pp. 3-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capulli M., Paone R., Rucci N. Osteoblast and osteocyte: games without frontiers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2014, Vol. 561, pp. 3-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Champagne C.M., Takebe J., Offenbacher S., Cooper L.F. Macrophage cell lines produce osteoinductive signals that include bone morphogenetic protein-2. Bone, 2002, Vol. 30, pp. 26-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Champagne C.M., Takebe J., Offenbacher S., Cooper L.F. Macrophage cell lines produce osteoinductive signals that include bone morphogenetic protein-2. Bone, 2002, Vol. 30, pp. 26-31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang M.K., Raggatt I.J., Alexander K.A., Kuliwaba J.S., Fazzalari N.L., Schroder K., Maylin E.R., Ripoll V.M., Hume D.A., Pettit A.R. Osteal tissue macrophages are intercalated throughout human and mouse bone lining tissues and regulate osteoblast function in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol., 2008, Vol. 181, pp. 1232-1244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang M.K., Raggatt I.J., Alexander K.A., Kuliwaba J.S., Fazzalari N.L., Schroder K., Maylin E.R., Ripoll V.M., Hume D.A., Pettit A.R. Osteal tissue macrophages are intercalated throughout human and mouse bone lining tissues and regulate osteoblast function in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol., 2008, Vol. 181, pp. 1232-1244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chávez-Galán L., Olleros M.L., Vesin D., Garcia I. Much more than M1 and M2 macrophages, there are also CD169 + and TCR + macrophages. Front. Immunol., 2015, Vol. 6, 263. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chávez-Galán L., Olleros M.L., Vesin D., Garcia I. Much more than M1 and M2 macrophages, there are also CD169 + and TCR + macrophages. Front. Immunol., 2015, Vol. 6, 263. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen L., Wei X.Q., Evans B., Jiang W., Aeschlimann D. IL-23 promotes osteoclast formation by up-regulation of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) expression in myeloid precursor cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 2008, Vol. 38, pp. 2845-2854.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen L., Wei X.Q., Evans B., Jiang W., Aeschlimann D. IL-23 promotes osteoclast formation by up-regulation of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) expression in myeloid precursor cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 2008, Vol. 38, pp. 2845-2854.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X., Wang Z., Duan N., Zhu G., Schwarz E.M., Xie C. Osteoblast-osteoclast interactions. Connect Tissue Res., 2018, Vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 99-107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X., Wang Z., Duan N., Zhu G., Schwarz E.M., Xie C. Osteoblast-osteoclast interactions. Connect Tissue Res., 2018, Vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 99-107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chitteti B.R., Cheng Y.H., Poteat B., Rodriguez-Rodriguez S., Goebel W.S., Carlesso N., Kacena M.A., Srour E.F. Impact of interactions of cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell function. Blood, 2010, Vol. 115, pp. 3239-3248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chitteti B.R., Cheng Y.H., Poteat B., Rodriguez-Rodriguez S., Goebel W.S., Carlesso N., Kacena M.A., Srour E.F. Impact of interactions of cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell function. Blood, 2010, Vol. 115, pp. 3239-3248.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho S.W., Soki F.N., Koh A.J., Eber M.R., Entezami P., Park S., van Rooijen N., McCauley L.K. Osteal macrophages support physiologic skeletal remodeling and anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone in bone. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2014, Vol. 111, pp. 1545-1550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho S.W., Soki F.N., Koh A.J., Eber M.R., Entezami P., Park S., van Rooijen N., McCauley L.K. Osteal macrophages support physiologic skeletal remodeling and anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone in bone. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2014, Vol. 111, pp. 1545-1550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ciucci T., Ibáñez L., Boucoiran A., Birgy-Barelli E., Pène J., Abou-Ezzi G., Arab N., Rouleau M., Hébuterne X., Yssel H., Blin-Wakkach C., Wakkach A. Bone marrow Th17 TNFα cells induce osteoclast differentiation, and link bone destruction to IBD. Gut, 2015, Vol. 64, pp. 1072-1081.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ciucci T., Ibáñez L., Boucoiran A., Birgy-Barelli E., Pène J., Abou-Ezzi G., Arab N., Rouleau M., Hébuterne X., Yssel H., Blin-Wakkach C., Wakkach A. Bone marrow Th17 TNFα cells induce osteoclast differentiation, and link bone destruction to IBD. Gut, 2015, Vol. 64, pp. 1072-1081.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corcione A., Benvenuto F., Ferretti E., Giunti D., Cappiello V., Cazzanti F., Risso M., Gualandi F., Mancardi G.L., Pistoia V., Uccelli A. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate B-cell functions. Blood, 2006, Vol. 107, pp. 367-372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Corcione A., Benvenuto F., Ferretti E., Giunti D., Cappiello V., Cazzanti F., Risso M., Gualandi F., Mancardi G.L., Pistoia V., Uccelli A. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate B-cell functions. Blood, 2006, Vol. 107, pp. 367-372.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crotti T.N., Smith M.D., Weedon H. Receptor activator NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, osteoarthritis, and from normal patients: semiquantitative and quantitative analysis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2002, Vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 1047-1054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crotti T.N., Smith M.D., Weedon H. Receptor activator NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, osteoarthritis, and from normal patients: semiquantitative and quantitative analysis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2002, Vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 1047-1054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crotti T., Smith M.D., Hirsch R., Receptor activator NF κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) protein expression in periodontitis. J. Periodontal Res., 2015, Vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 380-383.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crotti T., Smith M.D., Hirsch R., Receptor activator NF κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) protein expression in periodontitis. J. Periodontal Res., 2015, Vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 380-383.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Amelio P., Grimaldi A., di Bella S., Brianza S.Z.M., Cristofaro M.A., Tamone C. Estrogen deficiency increases osteoclastogenesis up-regulating T cells activity: a key mechanism in osteoporosis. Bone, 2008, Vol. 43. pp. 92-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Amelio P., Grimaldi A., di Bella S., Brianza S.Z.M., Cristofaro M.A., Tamone C. Estrogen deficiency increases osteoclastogenesis up-regulating T cells activity: a key mechanism in osteoporosis. Bone, 2008, Vol. 43. pp. 92-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Benedetti F., Rucci N., del Fattore A., Peruzzi B., Paro R., Longo M. Impaired skeletal development in interleukin-6-transgenic mice: a model for the impact of chronic inflammation on the growing skeletal system. Arthritis Rheum., 2006, Vol. 54, pp. 3551-3363.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Benedetti F., Rucci N., del Fattore A., Peruzzi B., Paro R., Longo M. Impaired skeletal development in interleukin-6-transgenic mice: a model for the impact of chronic inflammation on the growing skeletal system. Arthritis Rheum., 2006, Vol. 54, pp. 3551-3363.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deller T. Histologie. Zytologie, Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie : das Lehrbuch. 5 th ed München: Elsevier, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deller T. Histologie. Zytologie, Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie : das Lehrbuch. 5 th ed München: Elsevier, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dohle E., Bischoff I., Böse T., Marsano A., Banfi A., Unger R., Kirkpatrick CJ. Macrophage-mediated angiogenic activation of outgrowth endothelial cells in co-culture with primary osteoblasts. Eur. Cell. Mater., 2014, Vol. 27, pp. 149-165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dohle E., Bischoff I., Böse T., Marsano A., Banfi A., Unger R., Kirkpatrick CJ. Macrophage-mediated angiogenic activation of outgrowth endothelial cells in co-culture with primary osteoblasts. Eur. Cell. Mater., 2014, Vol. 27, pp. 149-165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dougall W.C., Glaccum M., Charrier K., Rohrbach K., Brasel K., de Smedt T. RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. Genes Dev., 1999, Vol. 13, pp. 2412-2424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dougall W.C., Glaccum M., Charrier K., Rohrbach K., Brasel K., de Smedt T. RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. Genes Dev., 1999, Vol. 13, pp. 2412-2424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duque G., Huang D.C., Dion N., Macoritto M., Rivas D., Li W., Li W., Yang X.F., Li J., Lian J., Marino F.T., Barralet J., Lascau V., Deschênes C., Ste-Marie L.G., Kremer R. Interferon-gamma plays a role in bone formation in vivo and rescues osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2011, Vol. 26, pp. 1472-1483.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duque G., Huang D.C., Dion N., Macoritto M., Rivas D., Li W., Li W., Yang X.F., Li J., Lian J., Marino F.T., Barralet J., Lascau V., Deschênes C., Ste-Marie L.G., Kremer R. Interferon-gamma plays a role in bone formation in vivo and rescues osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2011, Vol. 26, pp. 1472-1483.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Egawa T., Kawabata K., Kawamoto H., Amada K., Okamoto R., Fujii N., Fujii N., Kishimoto T., Katsura Y., Nagasawa T. The earliest stages of B cell development require chemokine stromal cell-derived factor/pre-B cell growth- stimulating factor. Immunity, 2001, Vol. 15, pp. 323-334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egawa T., Kawabata K., Kawamoto H., Amada K., Okamoto R., Fujii N., Fujii N., Kishimoto T., Katsura Y., Nagasawa T. The earliest stages of B cell development require chemokine stromal cell-derived factor/pre-B cell growth- stimulating factor. Immunity, 2001, Vol. 15, pp. 323-334.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eghbali-Fatourechi G., Khosla S., Sanyal A., Boyle W.J., Lacey D.L., Riggs B.L. Role of RANK ligand in mediating increased bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, Vol. 111, pp. 1221-1230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eghbali-Fatourechi G., Khosla S., Sanyal A., Boyle W.J., Lacey D.L., Riggs B.L. Role of RANK ligand in mediating increased bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, Vol. 111, pp. 1221-1230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Jawhari J.J., Jones E., Giannoudis P.V. The role of immune cells in bone haling; what we know, do not know and future perspectives. Injury, 2016, Vol. 47, pp. 2399-2406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Jawhari J.J., Jones E., Giannoudis P.V. The role of immune cells in bone haling; what we know, do not know and future perspectives. Injury, 2016, Vol. 47, pp. 2399-2406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ellmeier W., Jung S., Sunshine M.J., Hatam F., Xu Y., Baltimore D., Mano H., Littman D.R. Severe B cell deficiency in mice lacking the tec kinase family members Tec and Btk. J. Exp. Med., 2000, Vol. 192, pp. 1611-1624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellmeier W., Jung S., Sunshine M.J., Hatam F., Xu Y., Baltimore D., Mano H., Littman D.R. Severe B cell deficiency in mice lacking the tec kinase family members Tec and Btk. J. Exp. Med., 2000, Vol. 192, pp. 1611-1624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng S., Madsen S.H., Viller N.N., Neutzsky-Wulff A.V., Geisler C., Karlsson L. Interleukin-15-activated natural killer cells kill autologous osteoclasts via LFA-1, DNAM-1 and TRAIL, and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone erosion in vitro. Immunology, 2015, Vol. 145, pp. 367-379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng S., Madsen S.H., Viller N.N., Neutzsky-Wulff A.V., Geisler C., Karlsson L. Interleukin-15-activated natural killer cells kill autologous osteoclasts via LFA-1, DNAM-1 and TRAIL, and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone erosion in vitro. Immunology, 2015, Vol. 145, pp. 367-379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng X., Teitelbaum S.L. Osteoclasts: new insights. Bone Res., 2013, Vol. 1, pp. 1-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng X., Teitelbaum S.L. Osteoclasts: new insights. Bone Res., 2013, Vol. 1, pp. 1-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernandez-Real J.M., Izquiredo M., Ortega F., Gorostiaga E., Gomez-Ambrosi J., Moreno-Navarrete J.S., Frühbeck G., Martínez C., Idoate F., Salvador J., Forga L., Ricart W., Ibañez J. The relationship of serum osteocalcin concentration to insulin secretion, sensitivity and disposal with hypocaloric diet and resistance training. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2009, Vol. 94, pp. 237-245.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernandez-Real J.M., Izquiredo M., Ortega F., Gorostiaga E., Gomez-Ambrosi J., Moreno-Navarrete J.S., Frühbeck G., Martínez C., Idoate F., Salvador J., Forga L., Ricart W., Ibañez J. The relationship of serum osteocalcin concentration to insulin secretion, sensitivity and disposal with hypocaloric diet and resistance training. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2009, Vol. 94, pp. 237-245.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujiwara Y., Piemontese M., Liu Y., Thostenson J.D., Xiong J., O’Brien C.A. RANKL (Receptor Activator of NFkB Ligand) produced by osteocytes is required for the increase in B cells and bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency in mice. J. Biol. Chem., 2016, Vol. 291, pp. 24838-24850.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujiwara Y., Piemontese M., Liu Y., Thostenson J.D., Xiong J., O’Brien C.A. RANKL (Receptor Activator of NFkB Ligand) produced by osteocytes is required for the increase in B cells and bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency in mice. J. Biol. Chem., 2016, Vol. 291, pp. 24838-24850.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallois A., Lachuer J., Yvert G., Wierinckx A., Brunet F., Rabourdin-Combe C., Delprat C., Jurdic P., Mazzorana M. Genome-wide expression analyses establish dendritic cells as a new osteoclast precursor able to generate bone-resorbing cells more efficiently than monocytes. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2010, Vol. 25, pp. 661-672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallois A., Lachuer J., Yvert G., Wierinckx A., Brunet F., Rabourdin-Combe C., Delprat C., Jurdic P., Mazzorana M. Genome-wide expression analyses establish dendritic cells as a new osteoclast precursor able to generate bone-resorbing cells more efficiently than monocytes. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2010, Vol. 25, pp. 661-672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao B., Deng R., Chai Y., Chen H., Hu B., Wang X., Zhu S., Cao Y., Ni S., Wan M., Yang L., Luo Z., Cao X. Macrophage-lineage TRAP + cells recruit periosteum-derived cells for periosteal osteogenesis and regeneration. J. Clin. Invest., 2019, Vol. 129, pp. 2578-2594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao B., Deng R., Chai Y., Chen H., Hu B., Wang X., Zhu S., Cao Y., Ni S., Wan M., Yang L., Luo Z., Cao X. Macrophage-lineage TRAP + cells recruit periosteum-derived cells for periosteal osteogenesis and regeneration. J. Clin. Invest., 2019, Vol. 129, pp. 2578-2594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ginaldi L., de Martinis M. Osteoimmunology and Beyond. Curr. Med. Chem., 2016, Vol. 23, no. 33, pp. 3754-3774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ginaldi L., de Martinis M. Osteoimmunology and Beyond. Curr. Med. Chem., 2016, Vol. 23, no. 33, pp. 3754-3774.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Girasole G., Passeri G., Jilka R.L., Manolagas S.C. Interleukin 11: a new cytokine critical for osteoclast development. J. Clin. Invest., 1994, Vol. 93, pp. 1516-1524.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girasole G., Passeri G., Jilka R.L., Manolagas S.C. Interleukin 11: a new cytokine critical for osteoclast development. J. Clin. Invest., 1994, Vol. 93, pp. 1516-1524.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goerdt S., Orfanos C.E. Other functions, other genes: alternative activation of antigen-presenting cells. Immunity., 1999, Vol. 10, pp. 137-142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goerdt S., Orfanos C.E. Other functions, other genes: alternative activation of antigen-presenting cells. Immunity., 1999, Vol. 10, pp. 137-142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gowen M., MacDonald B.R., Russel R.G. Actions of recombinant human gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha on the proliferation and osteoblastic characteristics of human trabecular bone cells in vitro. Arthritis Rheum., 1988, Vol. 31, pp. 1500-1507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gowen M., MacDonald B.R., Russel R.G. Actions of recombinant human gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha on the proliferation and osteoblastic characteristics of human trabecular bone cells in vitro. Arthritis Rheum., 1988, Vol. 31, pp. 1500-1507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guihard P., Boutet M.A., Brounais B., David E., Brion R., Delecrin J. Induction of osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells by activated monocytes/macrophages depends on oncostatin M signaling. Stem Cells, 2012, Vol. 30, pp. 762-772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guihard P., Boutet M.A., Brounais B., David E., Brion R., Delecrin J. Induction of osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells by activated monocytes/macrophages depends on oncostatin M signaling. Stem Cells, 2012, Vol. 30, pp. 762-772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hajishengallis G., Moutsopoulos N.M., Hajishengallis E., Chavakis T. Immune and regulatory functions of neutrophils in inflammatory bone loss. Semin. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 28, pp. 146-158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hajishengallis G., Moutsopoulos N.M., Hajishengallis E., Chavakis T. Immune and regulatory functions of neutrophils in inflammatory bone loss. Semin. Immunol., 2016, Vol. 28, pp. 146-158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanna R.N., Carlin L.M., Hubbelin H.G., Nackiewicz D., Green A.M., Punt J.A. The transcription factor NR4A1 (Nur77) controls bone marrow differentiation and the survival of Ly6C-monocytes. Nat. Immunol., 2011, Vol. 12, pp. 778-785.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanna R.N., Carlin L.M., Hubbelin H.G., Nackiewicz D., Green A.M., Punt J.A. The transcription factor NR4A1 (Nur77) controls bone marrow differentiation and the survival of Ly6C-monocytes. Nat. Immunol., 2011, Vol. 12, pp. 778-785.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harvey G.P., Fitzsimmons T.R., Dhamarpatni A.A.S.S.K., Marchant C., Haynes D.R., Bartold P.M. Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase-2 and -4, citrullinated proteins and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in human gingiva. J. Periodontal Res., 2013, Vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 252-261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harvey G.P., Fitzsimmons T.R., Dhamarpatni A.A.S.S.K., Marchant C., Haynes D.R., Bartold P.M. Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase-2 and -4, citrullinated proteins and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in human gingiva. J. Periodontal Res., 2013, Vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 252-261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hashizume M., Hayakawa N., Mihara M. IL-6 trans-signalling directly induces RANKL on fibroblast-like synovial cells and is involved in RANKL induction by TNF-alpha and IL-17. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2008, Vol. 47, pp. 1635-1640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hashizume M., Hayakawa N., Mihara M. IL-6 trans-signalling directly induces RANKL on fibroblast-like synovial cells and is involved in RANKL induction by TNF-alpha and IL-17. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2008, Vol. 47, pp. 1635-1640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haynes D.R., Barg E., Crotti T.N., Holding C., Weedon H., Atkins G.J., Zannetino A., Ahern M.J., Coleman M., Roberts-Thomson P.J., Kraan M., Tak P.P., Smith M.D. Osteoprotegerin expression in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies and osteoarthritis and normal controls. Rheumatology., 2003, Vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 123-134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haynes D.R., Barg E., Crotti T.N., Holding C., Weedon H., Atkins G.J., Zannetino A., Ahern M.J., Coleman M., Roberts-Thomson P.J., Kraan M., Tak P.P., Smith M.D. Osteoprotegerin expression in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies and osteoarthritis and normal controls. Rheumatology., 2003, Vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 123-134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horton J.E., Raisz L.G., Simmons H.A., Oppenheim J.J., Mergenhagen S.E. Bone resorbing activity in supernatant fluid from cultured human peripheral blood leukocytes. Science, 1972, Vol. 177, pp. 793-795.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horton J.E., Raisz L.G., Simmons H.A., Oppenheim J.J., Mergenhagen S.E. Bone resorbing activity in supernatant fluid from cultured human peripheral blood leukocytes. Science, 1972, Vol. 177, pp. 793-795.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hughes D.E., Dai A., Tiffee J.C., Li H.H., Mundy G.R., Boyce B.F. Estrogen promotes apoptosis of murine osteoclasts mediated by TGF-beta. Nat. Med., 1996, Vol. 2, pp. 1132-1136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hughes D.E., Dai A., Tiffee J.C., Li H.H., Mundy G.R., Boyce B.F. Estrogen promotes apoptosis of murine osteoclasts mediated by TGF-beta. Nat. Med., 1996, Vol. 2, pp. 1132-1136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hwang S.Y., Kim J.Y., Kim K.W., Park M.K., Moon Y., Kim W.U. IL-17 induces production of IL-6 and IL-8 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via NF-kappaB- and PI3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathways. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2004, Vol. 6, pp. 120-128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hwang S.Y., Kim J.Y., Kim K.W., Park M.K., Moon Y., Kim W.U. IL-17 induces production of IL-6 and IL-8 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via NF-kappaB- and PI3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathways. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2004, Vol. 6, pp. 120-128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hwang Y.C., Jeong I.K., Ahn K.J., Chung H.Y. The uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin is associated with improved glucose tolerance and enhanced beta-cell function in middle-age male subjects. Diabetes Met. Res. Rev., 2009, Vol. 25, pp. 768-772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hwang Y.C., Jeong I.K., Ahn K.J., Chung H.Y. The uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin is associated with improved glucose tolerance and enhanced beta-cell function in middle-age male subjects. Diabetes Met. Res. Rev., 2009, Vol. 25, pp. 768-772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ito H. Chemokines in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for bone repair: a novel concept of recruiting mesenchymal stem cells and possible cell sources. Mod. Rheumatol., 2011, Vol. 21, pp. 113-121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ito H. Chemokines in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for bone repair: a novel concept of recruiting mesenchymal stem cells and possible cell sources. Mod. Rheumatol., 2011, Vol. 21, pp. 113-121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanovic D.V., di Battista J.A., Martel-Pelletier J., Jolicoeur P.C., He Y., Zhang M. IL-17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-beta and TNF-alpha, by human macrophages. J. Immunol., 1998, Vol. 160, pp. 3513-3521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanovic D.V., di Battista J.A., Martel-Pelletier J., Jolicoeur P.C., He Y., Zhang M. IL-17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-beta and TNF-alpha, by human macrophages. J. Immunol., 1998, Vol. 160, pp. 3513-3521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jarry C.R., Durante P.M., Freitas F.F., de Macedo C.G., Clemente-Napimoga J.T., Saba-Chujfi E. Secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells (SOFAT), a novel osteoclast activator, in chronic periodontitis. Hum. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 74, pp. 861-866.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jarry C.R., Durante P.M., Freitas F.F., de Macedo C.G., Clemente-Napimoga J.T., Saba-Chujfi E. Secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells (SOFAT), a novel osteoclast activator, in chronic periodontitis. Hum. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 74, pp. 861-866.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ji J.D., Park-Min K.H., Shen Z., Fajardo R.J., Goldring S.R., McHugh K.P., Ivashkiv L.B. Inhibition of RANK expression and osteoclastogenesis by TLRs and IFN-gamma in human osteoclast precursors. J. Immunol., 2009, Vol. 183, pp. 7223-7233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ji J.D., Park-Min K.H., Shen Z., Fajardo R.J., Goldring S.R., McHugh K.P., Ivashkiv L.B. Inhibition of RANK expression and osteoclastogenesis by TLRs and IFN-gamma in human osteoclast precursors. J. Immunol., 2009, Vol. 183, pp. 7223-7233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaneshiro S., Ebina K., Shi K., Higuchi C., Hirao M., Okamoto M. IL-6 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation through the SHP2/MEK2 and SHP2/Akt2 pathways in vitro. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 2014, Vol. 32, pp. 378-392.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaneshiro S., Ebina K., Shi K., Higuchi C., Hirao M., Okamoto M. IL-6 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation through the SHP2/MEK2 and SHP2/Akt2 pathways in vitro. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 2014, Vol. 32, pp. 378-392.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawai T., Matsuyama T., Hosokawa Y. B and T lymphocytes are the primary sources of RANKL in the bone resorptive lesion of periodontal disease. Am. J. Pathol., 2006, Vol. 169, pp. 987-998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawai T., Matsuyama T., Hosokawa Y. B and T lymphocytes are the primary sources of RANKL in the bone resorptive lesion of periodontal disease. Am. J. Pathol., 2006, Vol. 169, pp. 987-998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawai T., Eisen-Lev R., Seki M., Eastcott W., Wilson M.E., Taubman M.A. Requirement of B7 costimulation for Th1-mediated inflammatory bone resorption in experimental periodontal disease. J. Immunol., 2000,Vol. 164, no. 4, pp. 2102-2109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawai T., Eisen-Lev R., Seki M., Eastcott W., Wilson M.E., Taubman M.A. Requirement of B7 costimulation for Th1-mediated inflammatory bone resorption in experimental periodontal disease. J. Immunol., 2000,Vol. 164, no. 4, pp. 2102-2109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J.W., Lee M.S., Lee C.H., Kim H.Y., Chae S.U., Kwak H.B. Effect of interferon-gamma on the fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts into bone-resorbing osteoclasts. BMB Rep., 2012, Vol. 45, pp. 281-286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim J.W., Lee M.S., Lee C.H., Kim H.Y., Chae S.U., Kwak H.B. Effect of interferon-gamma on the fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts into bone-resorbing osteoclasts. BMB Rep., 2012, Vol. 45, pp. 281-286.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim Y.G., Lee C.K., Nah S.S., Mun S.H., Yoo B., Moon H.B. Human CD4+ CD25 + regulatory T cells inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, Vol. 357, pp. 1046-1052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim Y.G., Lee C.K., Nah S.S., Mun S.H., Yoo B., Moon H.B. Human CD4+ CD25 + regulatory T cells inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, Vol. 357, pp. 1046-1052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitaura H., Zhou P., Kim H.J., Novack D.V., Ross F.P., Teitelbaum S.L. M-CSF mediates TNF-induced inflammatory osteolysis. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, Vol. 115, pp. 3418-3427.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitaura H., Zhou P., Kim H.J., Novack D.V., Ross F.P., Teitelbaum S.L. M-CSF mediates TNF-induced inflammatory osteolysis. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, Vol. 115, pp. 3418-3427.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klyushnenkova E., Mosca J.D., McIntosh K.R. Human mesenchymal stem cells suppress allogeneic T cell response in vitro: implications for allogenic transplantation. Blood, 1998, Vol. 92, 642a. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1559.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klyushnenkova E., Mosca J.D., McIntosh K.R. Human mesenchymal stem cells suppress allogeneic T cell response in vitro: implications for allogenic transplantation. Blood, 1998, Vol. 92, 642a. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1559.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koga T., Inui M., Inoue K., Kim S., Suematsu A., Kobayashi E., Iwata T., Ohnishi H., Matozaki T., Kodama T., Taniguchi T., Takayanagi H., Takai T. Costimulatory signals mediated by ITAM motif cooperate with RANKL for bone homeostasis. Nature, 2004, Vol. 428, pp. 758-763.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koga T., Inui M., Inoue K., Kim S., Suematsu A., Kobayashi E., Iwata T., Ohnishi H., Matozaki T., Kodama T., Taniguchi T., Takayanagi H., Takai T. Costimulatory signals mediated by ITAM motif cooperate with RANKL for bone homeostasis. Nature, 2004, Vol. 428, pp. 758-763.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kohara H., Kitaura H., Fujimura Y., Yoshimatsu M., Morita Y., Eguchi T. IFN-gamma directly inhibits TNFalpha-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo and induces apoptosis mediated by Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Immunol. Lett., 2011, Vol. 137, pp. 53-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kohara H., Kitaura H., Fujimura Y., Yoshimatsu M., Morita Y., Eguchi T. IFN-gamma directly inhibits TNFalpha-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo and induces apoptosis mediated by Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Immunol. Lett., 2011, Vol. 137, pp. 53-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kollet O., Dar A., Shivtiel S., Kalinkovich A., Lapid K., Sztainberg Y. Osteoclasts degrade endosteal components and promote mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nat. Med., 2006, Vol. 12, pp. 657-664.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kollet O., Dar A., Shivtiel S., Kalinkovich A., Lapid K., Sztainberg Y. Osteoclasts degrade endosteal components and promote mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nat. Med., 2006, Vol. 12, pp. 657-664.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komine M., Kukita A., Kukita T., Ogata Y., Hotokebuchi T., Kohashi O. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha cooperates with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand in generation of osteoclasts in stromal cell-depleted rat bone marrow cell culture. Bone, 2001, Vol. 28, pp. 474-483.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komine M., Kukita A., Kukita T., Ogata Y., Hotokebuchi T., Kohashi O. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha cooperates with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand in generation of osteoclasts in stromal cell-depleted rat bone marrow cell culture. Bone, 2001, Vol. 28, pp. 474-483.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kong Y.Y., Yoshida H., Sarosi I., Tan H.L., Timms E., Capparelli C., Morony S., Oliveira-dos-Santos A.J., van G., Itie A., Khoo W., Wakeham A., Dunstan C.R., Lacey D.L., Mak T.W., Boyle W.J. OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature, 1999, Vol. 397, pp. 315-323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kong Y.Y., Yoshida H., Sarosi I., Tan H.L., Timms E., Capparelli C., Morony S., Oliveira-dos-Santos A.J., van G., Itie A., Khoo W., Wakeham A., Dunstan C.R., Lacey D.L., Mak T.W., Boyle W.J. OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature, 1999, Vol. 397, pp. 315-323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kotake S., Udagawa N., Hakoda M., Yano K., Tsuda E., Takahashi K., Furuya T., Ishiyama S., Kim K.J., Saito S., Nishikawa T., Takahashi N., Togari A., Tomatsu T., Suda T., Kamatani N. Activated human T cells directly induce osteoclastogenesis from human monocytes: possible role of T cells in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum., 2001, Vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1003-1012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotake S., Udagawa N., Hakoda M., Yano K., Tsuda E., Takahashi K., Furuya T., Ishiyama S., Kim K.J., Saito S., Nishikawa T., Takahashi N., Togari A., Tomatsu T., Suda T., Kamatani N. Activated human T cells directly induce osteoclastogenesis from human monocytes: possible role of T cells in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum., 2001, Vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1003-1012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kudo O., Sabokbar A., Pocock A., Itonaga I., Fujikawa Y., Athanasou N.A. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 support human osteoclast formation by a RANKL-independent mechanism. Bone, 2003, Vol. 32. pp. 1-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudo O., Sabokbar A., Pocock A., Itonaga I., Fujikawa Y., Athanasou N.A. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 support human osteoclast formation by a RANKL-independent mechanism. Bone, 2003, Vol. 32. pp. 1-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwak H.B., Ha H., Kim H.N., Lee J.H., Kim H.S., Lee S. Reciprocal cross-talk between RANKL and interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 is responsible for bone-erosive experimental arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2008, Vol. 58, pp. 1332-1342.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwak H.B., Ha H., Kim H.N., Lee J.H., Kim H.S., Lee S. Reciprocal cross-talk between RANKL and interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 is responsible for bone-erosive experimental arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2008, Vol. 58, pp. 1332-1342.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lacey D.L., Timms E., Tan H.L., Kelley M.J., Dunstan C.R., Burgess T., Elliott R., Colombero A., Elliott G., Scully S., Hsu H., Sullivan J., Hawkins N., Davy E., Capparelli C., Eli A., Qian Y.X., Kaufman S., Sarosi I., Shalhoub V., Senaldi G., Guo J., Delaney J., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell, 1998, Vol. 93, pp. 165-176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lacey D.L., Timms E., Tan H.L., Kelley M.J., Dunstan C.R., Burgess T., Elliott R., Colombero A., Elliott G., Scully S., Hsu H., Sullivan J., Hawkins N., Davy E., Capparelli C., Eli A., Qian Y.X., Kaufman S., Sarosi I., Shalhoub V., Senaldi G., Guo J., Delaney J., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell, 1998, Vol. 93, pp. 165-176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lawson M.A., McDonald M.M., Kovacic N., Hua Khoo W., Terry R.L., Down J. Osteoclasts control reactivation of dormant myeloma cells by remodelling the endosteal niche. Nat. Commun., 2015, Vol. 6, 8983. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lawson M.A., McDonald M.M., Kovacic N., Hua Khoo W., Terry R.L., Down J. Osteoclasts control reactivation of dormant myeloma cells by remodelling the endosteal niche. Nat. Commun., 2015, Vol. 6, 8983. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X., Wei W., Huynh H., Zuo H., Wang X., Wang Y. Nur77 prevents excessive osteoclastogenesis by inducing ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b to mediate NFATc1. Elife, 2014, Vol. 4, e072. doi: 10.1155/2014/263625.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X., Wei W., Huynh H., Zuo H., Wang X., Wang Y. Nur77 prevents excessive osteoclastogenesis by inducing ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b to mediate NFATc1. Elife, 2014, Vol. 4, e072. doi: 10.1155/2014/263625.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu H., Luo T., Tan J., Li M., Guo J. Osteoimmunology’ offers new perspectives for the treatment of pathological bone loss. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2017, Vol. 23, no. 41, pp. 6272-6278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu H., Luo T., Tan J., Li M., Guo J. Osteoimmunology’ offers new perspectives for the treatment of pathological bone loss. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2017, Vol. 23, no. 41, pp. 6272-6278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lubberts E., Koenders M.I., van der Berg W.B. The role of T-cell interleukin-17 in conducting destructive arthritis: lessons from animal models. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2005, Vol. 7, pp. 29-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lubberts E., Koenders M.I., van der Berg W.B. The role of T-cell interleukin-17 in conducting destructive arthritis: lessons from animal models. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2005, Vol. 7, pp. 29-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lüllmann-Rauch R., Paulsen F. Taschenlehrbuch Histologie. 10 Tabellen. 4 th ed Stuttgart: Thieme, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lüllmann-Rauch R., Paulsen F. Taschenlehrbuch Histologie. 10 Tabellen. 4 th ed Stuttgart: Thieme, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lundberg K., Wegner N., Yucel-Lindberg T., Venables P. J. Periodontitis in RA-the citrullinated enolase connection. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2010, Vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 727-730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lundberg K., Wegner N., Yucel-Lindberg T., Venables P. J. Periodontitis in RA-the citrullinated enolase connection. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2010, Vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 727-730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luz-Crawford P., Kurte M., Bravo-Alegría J., Contreras R., Nova-Lamperti E., Tejedor G., Noël D., Jorgensen C., Figueroa F., Djouad F., Carrión F. Mesenchymal stem cells regenerate a CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3 + regulatory T cell population during the differentiation process of Th1 and Th17 cells. Stem Cell Res. Ther., 2013, Vol. 4, 65. doi: 10.1186/scrt216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luz-Crawford P., Kurte M., Bravo-Alegría J., Contreras R., Nova-Lamperti E., Tejedor G., Noël D., Jorgensen C., Figueroa F., Djouad F., Carrión F. Mesenchymal stem cells regenerate a CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3 + regulatory T cell population during the differentiation process of Th1 and Th17 cells. Stem Cell Res. Ther., 2013, Vol. 4, 65. doi: 10.1186/scrt216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maddur M.S., Miossec P., Kaveri S.V., Bayry J. Th17 cells: biology, pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and therapeutic strategies. Am. J. Pathol., 2012, Vol. 181, pp. 8-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maddur M.S., Miossec P., Kaveri S.V., Bayry J. Th17 cells: biology, pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and therapeutic strategies. Am. J. Pathol., 2012, Vol. 181, pp. 8-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manabe N., Kawaguchi H., Chikuda H., Miyaura C., Inada M., Nagai R. Connection between B lymphocyte and osteoclast differentiation pathways. J. Immunol., 2001, Vol. 167, pp. 2625-2631.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manabe N., Kawaguchi H., Chikuda H., Miyaura C., Inada M., Nagai R. Connection between B lymphocyte and osteoclast differentiation pathways. J. Immunol., 2001, Vol. 167, pp. 2625-2631.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manolagas S.C., O’Brien C.A., Almeida M. The role of estrogen and androgen receptors in bone health and disease. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 2013, Vol. 9, pp. 699-712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manolagas S.C., O’Brien C.A., Almeida M. The role of estrogen and androgen receptors in bone health and disease. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 2013, Vol. 9, pp. 699-712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit97"><label>97</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mansour A., Abou-Ezzi G., Sitnicka E., Jacobsen S.E., Wakkach A., Blin-Wakkach C. Osteoclasts promote the formation of hematopoietic stem cell niches in the bone marrow. J. Exp. Med., 2012, Vol. 209, pp. 537-549.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mansour A., Abou-Ezzi G., Sitnicka E., Jacobsen S.E., Wakkach A., Blin-Wakkach C. Osteoclasts promote the formation of hematopoietic stem cell niches in the bone marrow. J. Exp. Med., 2012, Vol. 209, pp. 537-549.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit98"><label>98</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mansour A., Wakkach A., Blin-Wakkach C. Emerging roles of osteoclasts in the modulation of bone microenvironment and immune suppression in multiple myeloma. Front. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 8, 954. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mansour A., Wakkach A., Blin-Wakkach C. Emerging roles of osteoclasts in the modulation of bone microenvironment and immune suppression in multiple myeloma. Front. Immunol., 2017, Vol. 8, 954. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit99"><label>99</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mantovani A., Sica A., Sozzani S., Allavena P., Vecchi A., Locati M. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol., 2004, Vol. 25, pp. 677-686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mantovani A., Sica A., Sozzani S., Allavena P., Vecchi A., Locati M. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol., 2004, Vol. 25, pp. 677-686.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit100"><label>100</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maruhashi T., Kaifu T., Yabe R., Seno A., Chung S.H., Fujikado N., Iwakura Y. DCIR maintains bone homeostasis by regulating IFN-gamma production in T cells. J. Immunol., 2015, Vol. 194, pp. 5681-5691.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maruhashi T., Kaifu T., Yabe R., Seno A., Chung S.H., Fujikado N., Iwakura Y. DCIR maintains bone homeostasis by regulating IFN-gamma production in T cells. J. Immunol., 2015, Vol. 194, pp. 5681-5691.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit101"><label>101</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsumoto T., Kuriwaka-Kido R., Kondo I., Kido S. Regulation of osteoblast differentiation by interleukin-11 via AP-1 and Smad signaling. Endocr J., 2012, Vol. 59, pp. 91-101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsumoto T., Kuriwaka-Kido R., Kondo I., Kido S. Regulation of osteoblast differentiation by interleukin-11 via AP-1 and Smad signaling. Endocr J., 2012, Vol. 59, pp. 91-101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit102"><label>102</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michalski M.N., McCauley L.K. Macrophages and skeletal health. Pharmacol Ther., 2017, Vol. 174, pp. 43-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michalski M.N., McCauley L.K. Macrophages and skeletal health. Pharmacol Ther., 2017, Vol. 174, pp. 43-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit103"><label>103</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller J.P., Izon D., DeMuth W., Gerstein R., Bhandoola A., Allman D. The earliest step in B lineage differentiation from common lymphoid progenitors is critically dependent upon interleukin 7. J. Exp. Med., 2002, Vol. 196, pp. 705-711.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller J.P., Izon D., DeMuth W., Gerstein R., Bhandoola A., Allman D. The earliest step in B lineage differentiation from common lymphoid progenitors is critically dependent upon interleukin 7. J. Exp. Med., 2002, Vol. 196, pp. 705-711.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit104"><label>104</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyaura C., Onoe Y., Inada M., Maki K., Ikuta K., Ito M., Suda T. Increased B-lymphopoiesis by interleukin 7 induces bone loss in mice with intact ovarian functions: similarity to estrogen deficiency. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, Vol. 94, pp. 9360-9065.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyaura C., Onoe Y., Inada M., Maki K., Ikuta K., Ito M., Suda T. Increased B-lymphopoiesis by interleukin 7 induces bone loss in mice with intact ovarian functions: similarity to estrogen deficiency. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, Vol. 94, pp. 9360-9065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit105"><label>105</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohamad S.F., Xu L., Ghosh J., Childress P.J., Abeysekera I., Himes E.R. Osteomacs interact with megakaryocytes and osteoblasts to regulate murine hematopoietic stem cell function. Blood Adv., 2017, Vol. 1, pp. 2520-2528.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohamad S.F., Xu L., Ghosh J., Childress P.J., Abeysekera I., Himes E.R. Osteomacs interact with megakaryocytes and osteoblasts to regulate murine hematopoietic stem cell function. Blood Adv., 2017, Vol. 1, pp. 2520-2528.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit106"><label>106</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohty M., Malard F., Mohty B., Savani B., Moreau P., Terpos E. The effects of bortezomib on bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer, 2014, Vol. 120, pp. 618-623.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohty M., Malard F., Mohty B., Savani B., Moreau P., Terpos E. The effects of bortezomib on bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer, 2014, Vol. 120, pp. 618-623.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit107"><label>107</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moon Y.M., Yoon B.Y., Her Y.M., Oh H.J., Lee J.S., Kim K.W. IL-32 and IL-17 interact and have the potential to aggravate osteoclastogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2012, Vol. 14, R246. doi: 10.1186/ar4089.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moon Y.M., Yoon B.Y., Her Y.M., Oh H.J., Lee J.S., Kim K.W. IL-32 and IL-17 interact and have the potential to aggravate osteoclastogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2012, Vol. 14, R246. doi: 10.1186/ar4089.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit108"><label>108</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mori G., D’Amelio P., Faccio R., Brunetti G. The Interplay between the bone and the immune system. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 2013, 720504. doi: 10.1155/2013/720504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mori G., D’Amelio P., Faccio R., Brunetti G. The Interplay between the bone and the immune system. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 2013, 720504. doi: 10.1155/2013/720504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit109"><label>109</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mortaz E., Alipoor S.D., Adcock I.M., Mumby S., Koenderman L. Update on neutrophil function in severe inflammation. Front Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, 2171. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mortaz E., Alipoor S.D., Adcock I.M., Mumby S., Koenderman L. Update on neutrophil function in severe inflammation. Front Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, 2171. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit110"><label>110</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mosser D.M., Edwards J.P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2008, Vol. 8, pp. 958-969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mosser D.M., Edwards J.P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2008, Vol. 8, pp. 958-969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit111"><label>111</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moutsopoulos N.M., Konkel J., Sarmadi M., Eskan M.A., Wild T., Dutzan N. Defective neutrophil recruitment in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I disease causes local IL-17-driven inflammatory bone loss. Sci. Transl. Med., 2014, Vol. 6, 229ra40. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007696.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moutsopoulos N.M., Konkel J., Sarmadi M., Eskan M.A., Wild T., Dutzan N. Defective neutrophil recruitment in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I disease causes local IL-17-driven inflammatory bone loss. Sci. Transl. Med., 2014, Vol. 6, 229ra40. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007696.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit112"><label>112</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murray P.J., Allen J.E., Biswas S.K., Fisher E.A., Gilroy D.W., Goerdt S. Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity, 2014, Vol. 41, pp. 14-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murray P.J., Allen J.E., Biswas S.K., Fisher E.A., Gilroy D.W., Goerdt S. Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity, 2014, Vol. 41, pp. 14-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit113"><label>113</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagasawa T. Microenvironmental niches in the bone marrow required for B-cell development. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 6, pp. 107-116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagasawa T. Microenvironmental niches in the bone marrow required for B-cell development. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 6, pp. 107-116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit114"><label>114</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakase T., Yoshikawa H. Potential roles of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in skeletal repair and regeneration. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 2006, Vol. 24, pp. 425-433.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakase T., Yoshikawa H. Potential roles of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in skeletal repair and regeneration. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 2006, Vol. 24, pp. 425-433.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit115"><label>115</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nam D., Mau E., Wang Y., Wright D., Silkstone D., Whetstone H., Whyne C., Alman B. T-lymphocytes enable osteoblast maturation via IL-17F during early phase of fracture repair. PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7, e40044. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040044.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nam D., Mau E., Wang Y., Wright D., Silkstone D., Whetstone H., Whyne C., Alman B. T-lymphocytes enable osteoblast maturation via IL-17F during early phase of fracture repair. PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7, e40044. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040044.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit116"><label>116</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noonan K., Marchionni L., Anderson J., Pardoll D., Roodman G.D., Borrello I. A novel role of IL-17-producing lymphocytes in mediating lytic bone disease in multiple myeloma. Blood, 2010, Vol. 116, pp. 3554-3563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noonan K., Marchionni L., Anderson J., Pardoll D., Roodman G.D., Borrello I. A novel role of IL-17-producing lymphocytes in mediating lytic bone disease in multiple myeloma. Blood, 2010, Vol. 116, pp. 3554-3563.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit117"><label>117</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okamoto K., Nakashima T., Shinohara M., Negishi-Koga T., Komatsu N., Terashima A., Sawa S., Nitta T., Takayanagi H. Osteoimmunology: the conceptual framework unifying the immune and skeletal systems. Physiol. Rev., 2017, Vol. 97, pp. 1295-1349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okamoto K., Nakashima T., Shinohara M., Negishi-Koga T., Komatsu N., Terashima A., Sawa S., Nitta T., Takayanagi H. Osteoimmunology: the conceptual framework unifying the immune and skeletal systems. Physiol. Rev., 2017, Vol. 97, pp. 1295-1349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit118"><label>118</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Omar O.M., Granéli C., Ekström K., Karlsson C., Johansson A., Lausmaa J. The stimulation of an osteogenic response by classical monocyte activation. Biomaterials, 2011, Vol. 32, pp. 8190-8204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omar O.M., Granéli C., Ekström K., Karlsson C., Johansson A., Lausmaa J. The stimulation of an osteogenic response by classical monocyte activation. Biomaterials, 2011, Vol. 32, pp. 8190-8204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit119"><label>119</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Onal M., Xiong J., Chen X., Thosten J.D., Almeida J.D., Manolagas S.C., O’Brien C.A. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL) protein expression by B lymphocytes contributes to ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J. Biol. Chem., 2012, Vol. 287, pp. 29851-29860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onal M., Xiong J., Chen X., Thosten J.D., Almeida J.D., Manolagas S.C., O’Brien C.A. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL) protein expression by B lymphocytes contributes to ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J. Biol. Chem., 2012, Vol. 287, pp. 29851-29860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit120"><label>120</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pacifici R., Brown C., Puscheck E., Friedrich E., Slatopolsky E., Maggio D. Effect of surgical menopause and estrogen replacement on cytokine release from human blood mononuclear cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, Vol. 88, pp. 5134-5138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pacifici R., Brown C., Puscheck E., Friedrich E., Slatopolsky E., Maggio D. Effect of surgical menopause and estrogen replacement on cytokine release from human blood mononuclear cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, Vol. 88, pp. 5134-5138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit121"><label>121</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palumbo A., Anderson K. Multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, Vol. 364, pp. 1046-1060.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palumbo A., Anderson K. Multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, Vol. 364, pp. 1046-1060.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit122"><label>122</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pettit A.R., Walsh N.C., Manning C., Goldring S.R., Gravallese E.M. RANKL protein is expressed at the pannus-bone interface at sites of articular bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 2006, Vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1068-1076.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pettit A.R., Walsh N.C., Manning C., Goldring S.R., Gravallese E.M. RANKL protein is expressed at the pannus-bone interface at sites of articular bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 2006, Vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1068-1076.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit123"><label>123</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piva R., Penolazzi L., Lambertini E., Giordano S., Gambari R. Induction of apoptosis of human primary osteoclasts treated with a transcription factor decoy mimicking a promoter region of estrogen receptor alpha. Apoptosis, 2005, Vol. 10, pp. 1079-1094.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piva R., Penolazzi L., Lambertini E., Giordano S., Gambari R. Induction of apoptosis of human primary osteoclasts treated with a transcription factor decoy mimicking a promoter region of estrogen receptor alpha. Apoptosis, 2005, Vol. 10, pp. 1079-1094.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit124"><label>124</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponzetti M., Rucci N. Updates on osteoimmunology: what’s new on the cross-talk between bone and immune system. Front. Endocrinol., 2019, Vol. 10, 236. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponzetti M., Rucci N. Updates on osteoimmunology: what’s new on the cross-talk between bone and immune system. Front. Endocrinol., 2019, Vol. 10, 236. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit125"><label>125</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poubelle P.E., Chakravarti A., Fernandes M.J., Doiron K., Marceau A.A. Differential expression of RANK, RANK-L, and osteoprotegerin by synovial fluid neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and by healthy human blood neutrophils. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2007, Vol. 9, no. 2, R25. doi: 10.1186/ar2137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poubelle P.E., Chakravarti A., Fernandes M.J., Doiron K., Marceau A.A. Differential expression of RANK, RANK-L, and osteoprotegerin by synovial fluid neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and by healthy human blood neutrophils. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2007, Vol. 9, no. 2, R25. doi: 10.1186/ar2137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit126"><label>126</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pugliese L.S., Gonçalves T.O., Popi A.F., Mariano M., Pesquero J.B., Lopes J.D. B-1 lymphocytes differentiate into functional osteoclast-like cells. Immunobiology, 2012, Vol. 217, pp. 336-344.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pugliese L.S., Gonçalves T.O., Popi A.F., Mariano M., Pesquero J.B., Lopes J.D. B-1 lymphocytes differentiate into functional osteoclast-like cells. Immunobiology, 2012, Vol. 217, pp. 336-344.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit127"><label>127</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raisz L.G. Prostaglandins and bone: physiology and pathophysiology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 1999, Vol. 7, pp. 419-421.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raisz L.G. Prostaglandins and bone: physiology and pathophysiology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 1999, Vol. 7, pp. 419-421.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit128"><label>128</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richardson J., Hill A.M., Johnston C.J., McGregor A., Norrish A.R., Eastwood D., Lavy C.B. Fracture healing in HIV-positive populations. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 2008, Vol. 90, pp. 988-994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richardson J., Hill A.M., Johnston C.J., McGregor A., Norrish A.R., Eastwood D., Lavy C.B. Fracture healing in HIV-positive populations. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 2008, Vol. 90, pp. 988-994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit129"><label>129</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rifas L., Weitzmann M.N. A novel T cell cytokine, secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells, induces osteoclast formation in a RANKL-independent manner. Arthritis Rheumatol., 2009, Vol. 60, pp. 3324-3335.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rifas L., Weitzmann M.N. A novel T cell cytokine, secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells, induces osteoclast formation in a RANKL-independent manner. Arthritis Rheumatol., 2009, Vol. 60, pp. 3324-3335.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit130"><label>130</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rivollier A., Mazzorana M., Tebib J., Piperno M., Aitsiselmi T., Rabourdin-Combe C., Jurdic P., Servet-Delprat C. Immature dendritic cell transdifferentiation into osteoclasts: a novel pathway sustained by the rheumatoid arthritis microenvironment. Blood., 2004, Vol. 104, pp. 4029-4037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rivollier A., Mazzorana M., Tebib J., Piperno M., Aitsiselmi T., Rabourdin-Combe C., Jurdic P., Servet-Delprat C. Immature dendritic cell transdifferentiation into osteoclasts: a novel pathway sustained by the rheumatoid arthritis microenvironment. Blood., 2004, Vol. 104, pp. 4029-4037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit131"><label>131</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roodman G.D. Pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease. Leukemia, 2009, Vol. 23, pp. 435-441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roodman G.D. Pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease. Leukemia, 2009, Vol. 23, pp. 435-441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit132"><label>132</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santiago-Schwarz F., Anand P., Liu S., Carsons S.E. Dendritic cells (DCs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): progenitor cells and soluble factors contained in RA synovial fluid yield a subset of myeloid DCs that preferentially activate Th1 inflammatory-type responses. J. Immunol., 2001, Vol. 167, pp.1758-1768.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santiago-Schwarz F., Anand P., Liu S., Carsons S.E. Dendritic cells (DCs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): progenitor cells and soluble factors contained in RA synovial fluid yield a subset of myeloid DCs that preferentially activate Th1 inflammatory-type responses. J. Immunol., 2001, Vol. 167, pp.1758-1768.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit133"><label>133</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato K., Suematsu A., Okamoto K., Yamaguchi A., Morishita Y., Kadono Y., Tanaka S., Kodama T., Akira S., Iwakura Y., Cua D.J., Takayanagi H. Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction. J. Exp. Med., 2006, Vol. 203, pp. 2673-2682.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato K., Suematsu A., Okamoto K., Yamaguchi A., Morishita Y., Kadono Y., Tanaka S., Kodama T., Akira S., Iwakura Y., Cua D.J., Takayanagi H. Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction. J. Exp. Med., 2006, Vol. 203, pp. 2673-2682.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit134"><label>134</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato M., Asada N., Kawano Y., Wakahashi K., Minagawa K., Kawano H. Osteocytes regulate primary lymphoid organs and fat metabolism. Cell Metab., 2013, Vol. 18, pp. 749-758.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato M., Asada N., Kawano Y., Wakahashi K., Minagawa K., Kawano H. Osteocytes regulate primary lymphoid organs and fat metabolism. Cell Metab., 2013, Vol. 18, pp. 749-758.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit135"><label>135</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlundt C., Reinke S., Geissler S., Bucher C. H., Giannini C., Märdian S. Individual Effector/Regulator T cell ratios impact bone regeneration. Front. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 10, 1954. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlundt C., Reinke S., Geissler S., Bucher C. H., Giannini C., Märdian S. Individual Effector/Regulator T cell ratios impact bone regeneration. Front. Immunol., 2019, Vol. 10, 1954. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit136"><label>136</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scholtysek C., Ipseiz N., Böhm C., Krishnacoumar B., Stenzel M., Czerwinski T., Palumbo-Zerr K., Rothe T., Weidner D., Klej A., Stoll C., Distler J., Tuckermann J., Herrmann M., Fabry B., Goldmann W.H., Schett G., Krönke G. NR4A1 regulates motility of osteoclast precursors and serves as target for the modulation of systemic bone turnover. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2018, Vol. 33, pp. 2035-2047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scholtysek C., Ipseiz N., Böhm C., Krishnacoumar B., Stenzel M., Czerwinski T., Palumbo-Zerr K., Rothe T., Weidner D., Klej A., Stoll C., Distler J., Tuckermann J., Herrmann M., Fabry B., Goldmann W.H., Schett G., Krönke G. NR4A1 regulates motility of osteoclast precursors and serves as target for the modulation of systemic bone turnover. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2018, Vol. 33, pp. 2035-2047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit137"><label>137</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schroder K., Hertzog P.J., Ravasi T., Hume D.A. Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2004, Vol. 75, pp. 163-189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schroder K., Hertzog P.J., Ravasi T., Hume D.A. Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2004, Vol. 75, pp. 163-189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit138"><label>138</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott D.L., Wolfe F., Hizinga T.W. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, 2010, Vol. 376, pp. 1094-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott D.L., Wolfe F., Hizinga T.W. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, 2010, Vol. 376, pp. 1094-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit139"><label>139</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seifert M.F., Marks S.C. Jr. Morphological evidence of reduced bone resorption in the osteosclerotic (oc) mouse. Am. J. Anat., 1985, Vol. 172, pp. 141-153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seifert M.F., Marks S.C. Jr. Morphological evidence of reduced bone resorption in the osteosclerotic (oc) mouse. Am. J. Anat., 1985, Vol. 172, pp. 141-153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit140"><label>140</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shinohara M., Koga T., Okamoto K., Sakaguchi S., Arai K., Yasuda H., Takai T., Kodama T., Morio T., Geha R.S., Kitamura D., Kurosaki T., Ellmeier W., Takayanagi H., Takayanagi H. Tyrosine kinases Btk and Tec regulate osteoclast differentiation by linking RANK and ITAM signals. Cell, 2008, Vol. 132, pp. 794-806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shinohara M., Koga T., Okamoto K., Sakaguchi S., Arai K., Yasuda H., Takai T., Kodama T., Morio T., Geha R.S., Kitamura D., Kurosaki T., Ellmeier W., Takayanagi H., Takayanagi H. Tyrosine kinases Btk and Tec regulate osteoclast differentiation by linking RANK and ITAM signals. Cell, 2008, Vol. 132, pp. 794-806.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit141"><label>141</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simonet W.S., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Kelley M., Chang M.S., Luthy R., Nguyen H.Q., Wooden S., Bennett L., Boone T., Shimamoto G., DeRose M., Elliott R., Colombero A., Tan H.L., Trail G., Sullivan J., Davy E., Bucay N., Renshaw-Gegg L., Hughes T.M., Hill D., Pattison W., Campbell P., Sander S., Van G., Tarpley J., Derby P., Lee R., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell, 1997, Vol. 89, pp. 309-319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simonet W.S., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Kelley M., Chang M.S., Luthy R., Nguyen H.Q., Wooden S., Bennett L., Boone T., Shimamoto G., DeRose M., Elliott R., Colombero A., Tan H.L., Trail G., Sullivan J., Davy E., Bucay N., Renshaw-Gegg L., Hughes T.M., Hill D., Pattison W., Campbell P., Sander S., Van G., Tarpley J., Derby P., Lee R., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell, 1997, Vol. 89, pp. 309-319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit142"><label>142</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Söderström K., Stein E., Colmenero P., Purath U., Müller-Ladner U., de Matos C.T., Tarner I.H., Robinson W.H., Engleman E.G. Natural killer cells trigger osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction in arthritis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA, 2010, Vol. 107, pp. 13028-13033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Söderström K., Stein E., Colmenero P., Purath U., Müller-Ladner U., de Matos C.T., Tarner I.H., Robinson W.H., Engleman E.G. Natural killer cells trigger osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction in arthritis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA, 2010, Vol. 107, pp. 13028-13033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit143"><label>143</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srivastava R.K., Dar H.Y., Mishra P.K. Immunoporosis: immunology of osteoporosis-role of T cells. Front. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, 657. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srivastava R.K., Dar H.Y., Mishra P.K. Immunoporosis: immunology of osteoporosis-role of T cells. Front. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, 657. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit144"><label>144</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srivastava S., Toraldo G., Weitzmann M.N., Cenci S., Ross F.P., Pacifici R. Estrogen decreases osteoclast formation by down-regulating receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) induced JNK activation. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, Vol. 276, pp. 8836-8840.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srivastava S., Toraldo G., Weitzmann M.N., Cenci S., Ross F.P., Pacifici R. Estrogen decreases osteoclast formation by down-regulating receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) induced JNK activation. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, Vol. 276, pp. 8836-8840.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit145"><label>145</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinman R.M., Banchereau J. Taking dendritic cells into medicine. Nature, 2007, Vol. 449, pp. 419-426.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinman R.M., Banchereau J. Taking dendritic cells into medicine. Nature, 2007, Vol. 449, pp. 419-426.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit146"><label>146</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suga K., Saitoh M., Fukushima S., Takahashi K., Nara H., Yasuda S., Miyata K. Interleukin-11 induces osteoblast differentiation and acts synergistically with bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 2001, Vol. 21, pp. 695-707.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suga K., Saitoh M., Fukushima S., Takahashi K., Nara H., Yasuda S., Miyata K. Interleukin-11 induces osteoblast differentiation and acts synergistically with bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 2001, Vol. 21, pp. 695-707.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit147"><label>147</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tacke R., Hilgendorf I., Garner H., Waterborg C., Park K., Nowyhed H. The transcription factor NR4A1 is essential for the development of a novel macrophage subset in the thymus. Sci. Rep., 2015, Vol. 5, 10055. doi: 10.1038/srep10055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tacke R., Hilgendorf I., Garner H., Waterborg C., Park K., Nowyhed H. The transcription factor NR4A1 is essential for the development of a novel macrophage subset in the thymus. Sci. Rep., 2015, Vol. 5, 10055. doi: 10.1038/srep10055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit148"><label>148</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takayanagi H. Osteoimmunology: shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2007, Vol. 7, pp. 292-304. doi: 10.1038/nri2062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takayanagi H. Osteoimmunology: shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2007, Vol. 7, pp. 292-304. doi: 10.1038/nri2062.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit149"><label>149</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takayanagi H., Iizuka H., Juji T. Involvement of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand/osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis from synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2000, Vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 259-269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takayanagi H., Iizuka H., Juji T. Involvement of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand/osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis from synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2000, Vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 259-269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit150"><label>150</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takeda H., Kikuchi T., Soboku K., Okabe I., Mizutani H., Mitani A., Ishihara Y., Noguchi T. Effect of IL-15 and natural killer cells on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in a mouse coculture. Inflammation, 2014, Vol. 37, pp. 657-669.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takeda H., Kikuchi T., Soboku K., Okabe I., Mizutani H., Mitani A., Ishihara Y., Noguchi T. Effect of IL-15 and natural killer cells on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in a mouse coculture. Inflammation, 2014, Vol. 37, pp. 657-669.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit151"><label>151</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang M., Tian L., Luo G., Yu X. Interferon-gamma-mediated osteoimmunology. Front. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, pp. 9-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang M., Tian L., Luo G., Yu X. Interferon-gamma-mediated osteoimmunology. Front. Immunol., 2018, Vol. 9, pp. 9-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit152"><label>152</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terpos E., Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I., Gavriatopoulou M., Dimopoulos M.A. Pathogenesis of bone disease in multiple myeloma: from bench to bedside. Blood Cancer J., 2018, Vol. 8, 7. doi: 10.1038/s41408-017-0037-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terpos E., Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I., Gavriatopoulou M., Dimopoulos M.A. Pathogenesis of bone disease in multiple myeloma: from bench to bedside. Blood Cancer J., 2018, Vol. 8, 7. doi: 10.1038/s41408-017-0037-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit153"><label>153</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas R., MacDonald K.P., Pettit A.R., Cavanagh L.L., Padmanabha J., Zehntner S. Dendritic cells and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Leukoc. Biol., 1999, Vol. 66, pp. 286-292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas R., MacDonald K.P., Pettit A.R., Cavanagh L.L., Padmanabha J., Zehntner S. Dendritic cells and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Leukoc. Biol., 1999, Vol. 66, pp. 286-292.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit154"><label>154</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian B., Wang N., Jiang Q., Tian L., Hu L., Zhang Z. The immunogenic reaction and bone defect repair function of ε-poly-L-lysine (EPL)-coated nanoscale PCL/HA scaffold in rabbit calvarial bone defect. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2021, Vol. 7, no. 32 (6), 63. doi: 10.1007/s10856-021-06533-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian B., Wang N., Jiang Q., Tian L., Hu L., Zhang Z. The immunogenic reaction and bone defect repair function of ε-poly-L-lysine (EPL)-coated nanoscale PCL/HA scaffold in rabbit calvarial bone defect. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2021, Vol. 7, no. 32 (6), 63. doi: 10.1007/s10856-021-06533-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit155"><label>155</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Timlin M., Toomey D., Condron C., Power C., Street J., Murray P., Bouchier-Hayes D. Fracture hematoma is a potent proinflammatory mediator of neutrophil function. J. Trauma, 2005, Vol. 58, pp. 1223-1229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timlin M., Toomey D., Condron C., Power C., Street J., Murray P., Bouchier-Hayes D. Fracture hematoma is a potent proinflammatory mediator of neutrophil function. J. Trauma, 2005, Vol. 58, pp. 1223-1229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit156"><label>156</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsukasaki M., Huynh N.C.-N., Okamoto K., Muro R., Muro R., Terashima A., Kurikawa Y., Komatsu N., Pluemsakunthai W., Nitta T., Abe T., Kiyonari H., Okamura T., Sakai M., Matsukawa T., Matsumoto M., Kobayashi Y., Penninger J.M., Takayanagi H. Stepwise cell fate decision pathways during osteoclastogenesis at single-cell resolution. Nat. Metab., 2020, Vol. 2, pp. 1382-1390.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukasaki M., Huynh N.C.-N., Okamoto K., Muro R., Muro R., Terashima A., Kurikawa Y., Komatsu N., Pluemsakunthai W., Nitta T., Abe T., Kiyonari H., Okamura T., Sakai M., Matsukawa T., Matsumoto M., Kobayashi Y., Penninger J.M., Takayanagi H. Stepwise cell fate decision pathways during osteoclastogenesis at single-cell resolution. Nat. Metab., 2020, Vol. 2, pp. 1382-1390.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit157"><label>157</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Tuyl L.H.D., Voskuyl A.E., Boers M. Baseline RANKL:OPG ratio and markers of bone and cartilage degradation predict annual radiological progression over 11 years in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2010, Vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 1623-1628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Tuyl L.H.D., Voskuyl A.E., Boers M. Baseline RANKL:OPG ratio and markers of bone and cartilage degradation predict annual radiological progression over 11 years in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2010, Vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 1623-1628.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit158"><label>158</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varga C., Maglio M., Ghobrial I.M., Richardson P.G. Current use of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol., 2018, Vol. 181, pp. 447-459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varga C., Maglio M., Ghobrial I.M., Richardson P.G. Current use of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol., 2018, Vol. 181, pp. 447-459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit159"><label>159</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vi L., Baht G.S., Whetstone H., Mg A., Wei Q., Poon R. Macrophages promote osteoblastic differentiation in-vivo: implications in fracture repair and bone homeostasis. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2015, Vol. 30, pp. 1090-1102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vi L., Baht G.S., Whetstone H., Mg A., Wei Q., Poon R. Macrophages promote osteoblastic differentiation in-vivo: implications in fracture repair and bone homeostasis. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2015, Vol. 30, pp. 1090-1102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit160"><label>160</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vi L., Baht G.S., Soderblom E.J., Whetstone H., Wei Q., Furman B. Macrophage cells secrete factors including LRP1 that orchestrate the rejuvenation of bone repair in mice. Nat. Commun., 2018, Vol. 9, 5191. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07666-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vi L., Baht G.S., Soderblom E.J., Whetstone H., Wei Q., Furman B. Macrophage cells secrete factors including LRP1 that orchestrate the rejuvenation of bone repair in mice. Nat. Commun., 2018, Vol. 9, 5191. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07666-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit161"><label>161</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker D.G. Bone resorption restored in osteopetrotic mice by transplants of normal bone marrow and spleen cells. Science, 1975, Vol. 190, pp. 784-785.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker D.G. Bone resorption restored in osteopetrotic mice by transplants of normal bone marrow and spleen cells. Science, 1975, Vol. 190, pp. 784-785.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit162"><label>162</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker D.G., Schwarz E.M., O’Keefe R.J., Ma L., Looney R.J., Ritchlin C.T. Systemic tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates an increase in peripheral CD11bhigh osteoclast precursors in tumor necrosis factor alpha-transgenic mice. Arthritis Rheum., 2004, Vol. 50, pp. 265-276.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker D.G., Schwarz E.M., O’Keefe R.J., Ma L., Looney R.J., Ritchlin C.T. Systemic tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates an increase in peripheral CD11bhigh osteoclast precursors in tumor necrosis factor alpha-transgenic mice. Arthritis Rheum., 2004, Vol. 50, pp. 265-276.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit163"><label>163</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C.W., Yu S.H., Fretwurst T., Larsson L., Sugai J.V., Oh J. Maresin 1 promotes wound healing and socket bone regeneration for alveolar ridge preservation. J. Dent. Res., 2020, Vol. 99, pp. 930-937.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C.W., Yu S.H., Fretwurst T., Larsson L., Sugai J.V., Oh J. Maresin 1 promotes wound healing and socket bone regeneration for alveolar ridge preservation. J. Dent. Res., 2020, Vol. 99, pp. 930-937.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit164"><label>164</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei J., Karsenty G. An overview of the metabolic functions of osteocalcin. Curr. Osteopor. Rep., 2013, Vol. 13, pp. 80-85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei J., Karsenty G. An overview of the metabolic functions of osteocalcin. Curr. Osteopor. Rep., 2013, Vol. 13, pp. 80-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit165"><label>165</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weitzmann M.N. T-cells and B-cells in osteoporosis. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes., 2014, Vol. 21, pp. 461-467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weitzmann M.N. T-cells and B-cells in osteoporosis. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes., 2014, Vol. 21, pp. 461-467.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit166"><label>166</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu X., Chen H., Wang Y., Gu Y. Akt2 affects periodontal inflammation via altering the M1/M2 ratio. J. Dent. Res., 2020, Vol. 99, pp. 577-587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu X., Chen H., Wang Y., Gu Y. Akt2 affects periodontal inflammation via altering the M1/M2 ratio. J. Dent. Res., 2020, Vol. 99, pp. 577-587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit167"><label>167</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiong Q., Zhang I., Ge W., Tang P. The roles of interferons in osteoclasts and osteoclastogenesis. Joint Bone Spine, 2016, Vol. 83, pp. 276-281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiong Q., Zhang I., Ge W., Tang P. The roles of interferons in osteoclasts and osteoclastogenesis. Joint Bone Spine, 2016, Vol. 83, pp. 276-281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit168"><label>168</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yaccoby S. Advances in the understanding of myeloma bone disease and tumour growth. Br. J. Haematol., 2010, Vol. 149, pp. 311-321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaccoby S. Advances in the understanding of myeloma bone disease and tumour growth. Br. J. Haematol., 2010, Vol. 149, pp. 311-321.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit169"><label>169</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yao Z., Li P., Zhang Q., Schwarz E.M., Keng P., Arbini A., Boyce B.F., Xing L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases circulating osteoclast precursor numbers by promoting their proliferation and differentiation in the bone marrow through up-regulation of c-Fms expression. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, Vol. 281, pp. 11846-11855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yao Z., Li P., Zhang Q., Schwarz E.M., Keng P., Arbini A., Boyce B.F., Xing L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases circulating osteoclast precursor numbers by promoting their proliferation and differentiation in the bone marrow through up-regulation of c-Fms expression. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, Vol. 281, pp. 11846-11855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit170"><label>170</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasuda H., Shima N., Nakagawa N., Yamaguchi K., Kinosaki M., Mochizuki S., Tomoyasu A., Yano K., Goto M., Murakami A., Tsuda E., Morinaga T., Higashio K., Udagawa N., Takahashi N., Suda T. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, Vol. 95, pp. 3597-3602.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasuda H., Shima N., Nakagawa N., Yamaguchi K., Kinosaki M., Mochizuki S., Tomoyasu A., Yano K., Goto M., Murakami A., Tsuda E., Morinaga T., Higashio K., Udagawa N., Takahashi N., Suda T. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, Vol. 95, pp. 3597-3602.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit171"><label>171</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yeap B.B., Chubb S.A., Flicker L., McCul K.A., Ebeling P.R., Beilby J.P., Norman P.E. Reduced serum total osteocalcin is associate with metabolic syndrome in older men via waist circumference, hyperglycemia, and triglyceride levels. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2010, Vol. 163, pp. 265-272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yeap B.B., Chubb S.A., Flicker L., McCul K.A., Ebeling P.R., Beilby J.P., Norman P.E. Reduced serum total osteocalcin is associate with metabolic syndrome in older men via waist circumference, hyperglycemia, and triglyceride levels. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2010, Vol. 163, pp. 265-272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit172"><label>172</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaiss M.M., Axmann R., Zwerina J., Polzer K., Gückel E., Skapenko A., Schulze-Koops H., Horwood N., Cope A., Schett G. Treg cells suppress osteoclast formation: a new link between the immune system and bone. Arthritis Rheum., 2007, Vol. 56, pp. 4104-4412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaiss M.M., Axmann R., Zwerina J., Polzer K., Gückel E., Skapenko A., Schulze-Koops H., Horwood N., Cope A., Schett G. Treg cells suppress osteoclast formation: a new link between the immune system and bone. Arthritis Rheum., 2007, Vol. 56, pp. 4104-4412.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit173"><label>173</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaiss M.M., Frey B., Hess A., Zwerina J., Luther J., Nimmerjahn F., Engelke K., Kollias G., Hünig T., Schett G., David J.P. Regulatory T cells protect from local and systemic bone destruction in arthritis. J. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 184, pp. 7238-7246.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaiss M.M., Frey B., Hess A., Zwerina J., Luther J., Nimmerjahn F., Engelke K., Kollias G., Hünig T., Schett G., David J.P. Regulatory T cells protect from local and systemic bone destruction in arthritis. J. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 184, pp. 7238-7246.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit174"><label>174</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J., Niu C., Ye L., Huang H., He X., Tong W.G., Ross J., Haug J., Johnson T., Feng J.Q., Harris S., Wiedemann L.M., Mishina Y., Li L. Identification of the hematopoietic stem cell niche and control of the niche size. Nature, 2003, Vol. 425, pp. 836-841.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J., Niu C., Ye L., Huang H., He X., Tong W.G., Ross J., Haug J., Johnson T., Feng J.Q., Harris S., Wiedemann L.M., Mishina Y., Li L. Identification of the hematopoietic stem cell niche and control of the niche size. Nature, 2003, Vol. 425, pp. 836-841.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit175"><label>175</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou A., Wu B., Yu H., Tang Y., Liu J., Jia Y., Yang X., Xiang L. Current understanding of osteoimmunology in certain osteoimmune diseases. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2021, Vol. 9, 698068. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou A., Wu B., Yu H., Tang Y., Liu J., Jia Y., Yang X., Xiang L. Current understanding of osteoimmunology in certain osteoimmune diseases. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2021, Vol. 9, 698068. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit176"><label>176</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou A., Yu H., Liu J., Zheng J., Jia Y., Wu B. Role of Hippo-YAP signaling in osseointegration by regulating osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoimmunology. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2020, Vol. 8, 780. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00780.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou A., Yu H., Liu J., Zheng J., Jia Y., Wu B. Role of Hippo-YAP signaling in osseointegration by regulating osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoimmunology. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2020, Vol. 8, 780. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00780.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit177"><label>177</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu J., Emerson S.G. A new bone to pick: osteoblasts and the haematopoitic stem-cell niche. Bioessays, 2004, Vol. 26. pp. 595-599.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu J., Emerson S.G. A new bone to pick: osteoblasts and the haematopoitic stem-cell niche. Bioessays, 2004, Vol. 26. pp. 595-599.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit178"><label>178</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu J., Garrett R., Jung Y., Kim N., Wang J., Joe G.J., Hexner E., Choi Y., Taichman R.S., Emerson S.G. Osteoblasts support B-lymphocyte commitment and differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells. Blood, 2007, Vol. 109, pp. 3706-3712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu J., Garrett R., Jung Y., Kim N., Wang J., Joe G.J., Hexner E., Choi Y., Taichman R.S., Emerson S.G. Osteoblasts support B-lymphocyte commitment and differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells. Blood, 2007, Vol. 109, pp. 3706-3712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
