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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2017-6-715-720</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1394</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫХ СООТНОШЕНИЙ ЛИМФОЦИТОВ РАЗНЫХ СТАДИЙ ЗРЕЛОСТИ В ТИМУСЕ НЕПОЛОВОЗРЕЛЫХ ПОЗВОНОЧНЫХ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF QUANTITATIVE RATIOS OF LYMPHOCYTES AT DIFFERENT MATURITY STAGES IN THYMUS OF IMMATURE VERTEBRATES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрчинский</surname><given-names>В. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurchinsky</surname><given-names>V. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., доцент кафедры биологии ФГБОУ ВО «Смоленский государственный университет»</p><p>214000, Россия, г. Смоленск, ул. Пржевальского, 4.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Smolensk State University</p><p>214000, Russian Federation, Smolensk, Przhevalsky str., 4.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zool72@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moreva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка четвертого курса естественно-географического факультета ФГБОУ ВО «Смоленский государственный университет»</p><p>214000, Россия, г. Смоленск, ул. Пржевальского, 4.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student, Faculty of Natural Geography, Smolensk State University</p><p>214000, Russian Federation, Smolensk, Przhevalsky str., 4.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zool72@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Смоленский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Smolensk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>715</fpage><lpage>720</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юрчинский В.Я., Морева Л.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юрчинский В.Я., Морева Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yurchinsky V.Y., Moreva L.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1394">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1394</self-uri><abstract><p>Основная задача тимуса, как центрального органа лимфоидной системы, заключается в формировании пула иммунокомпетентных аутотолерантных тимоцитов. Процесс дифференцировки лимфоцитов в тимусе во многом зависит от уровня организации животного и особенностей среды его обитания. Однако, к настоящему моменту, по причине дефицита сравнительно морфологических работ, малоизученным оказывается вопрос изменчивости морфологических показателей лимфоидного компонента тимуса у представителей различных классов наземных позвоночных животных.Поэтому основная цель нашей работы заключалась в выявлении подобных зависимостей. В рамках данного исследования всего изучено 212 препаратов тимуса позвоночных животных, относящихся к классам: Земноводные (Amphibia), Пресмыкающиеся (Reptilia), Птицы (Aves), Млекопитающие (Mammalia), включая человека. Обнаружено, что морфологические показатели, отражающие характеристики процессов дифференцировки и созревания лимфоцитов в тимусе, в значительной степени определяются теми адаптивными изменениями, которые возникали в эволюции позвоночных во время формирования истинной наземности и теплокровности. По этой причине, при сравнении земноводных и пресмыкающихся, а также пойкилотермных позвоночных с гомойотермными, были обнаружены существенные, по мнению авторов, отличия в количестве тимоцитов разных стадий зрелости, наполняющих корковое и мозговое вещество тимуса, а также отличия в интенсивности деления тимоцитов. В свою очередь, сопоставление митотического индекса тимоцитов всех позвоночных, представленного сравнительно морфологического ряда, показало, что интенсивность пролиферации данных клеток в первую очередь зависит от энергетической емкости организма. Однако специфические адаптации, связанные с формированием определенной жизненной формы (например адаптации птиц к полету), также оказывают значительно влияние на интенсивность деления тимоцитов в тимусе. Определены морфологические особенности, характерные для тимуса человека, а также выявлены возможные причины подобных отличий. Обнаружено, что по морфологическим показателям лимфоидного компонента, тимус человека в большей степени схож с тимусом холоднокровных позвоночных, что проявляется уже на ранних стадиях онтогенеза. По мнению авторов статьи, такая ситуация связана с тем, что человек находится под воздействием пресса неблагоприятных антропогенных факторов, которые и приводят к некоторому отклонению морфологии тимуса человека от нормы, характерной для млекопитающих естественной среды обитания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The main function of thymus, a central organ of lymphoid system, is to form a pool of immunocompetent autotolerant thymocytes. The process of lymphocyte differentiation within thymus largely depends on organization level of the vertebral animal and its environment (habitat). So far, variability of morphological parameters of lymphoid component in thymus have been poorly studied for distinct representatives of various terrestrial vertebrate, due to the lack of comparative morphological studies. Therefore, the main purpose of our work was to identify this kind of dependences. In this study, on the example of prepubertal representatives belonging to four classes of vertebrate animals (Chordata, Vertebrata) including humans, we conducted a comparative morphological study of variability for main micromorphological parameters of lymphoid components in thymus gland. We have studied 212 preparations of thymus glands from 4 classes of vertebrate animals: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. The changes in total amount of thymocytes were studied for cortical and medullary substance of thymus gland. Percentage of thymocytes at different maturity stages, and mitotic thymocyte indexes were also studied.On the basis of these data, a conclusion was made about differences in intensity of processes, connected with maturation and proliferation of lymphoid cells in thymus gland of distinct animals which are different in organization level and habitat could be determined by with different influence of adaptive changes which occurred in the course of evolution of vertebrates during. It was found that the morphological parameters reflecting the characteristics of the differentiation processes and maturation of lymphocytes in thymus are largely determined by adaptive changes that arose in the vertebrate evolution during the formation of true terrestrial and warm-bloodedness. Comparison of amphibians and reptiles, as well as cold-blooded beings with warm-blooded animals revealed differences in the number of thymocytes at different maturity levels in cortical and medullary zones, as well as differences in thymocyte division rates. In turn, comparison of mitotic index for the thymocytes of all vertebrates, within this morphological range, showed that intensity of thymocyte proliferation primarily depends on the energy capacity of the given organism. However, specific adaptations associated with evolution to a distinct certain living form (for example, adaptation of birds to flight) also exerts a significant effect upon rates of thymocyte division. Morphological features characteristic to the human thymus were determined, and possible causes of such differences were identified. It was found, that morphological parameters of the lymphoid component in human thymus are more similar to those of thymus from cold-blooded vertebrates which is already evident from early stages of ontogeny. We guess that this finding may be explained by exposure of humans to numerous unfavorable anthropogenic factors, which lead to some deviation of thymic morphology from the values, which are observed in mammals from the natural habitat. The obtained data are of interest for theoretical and practical biology and medicine.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тимус</kwd><kwd>Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>позвоночные животные</kwd><kwd>сравнительная морфология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thymus gland</kwd><kwd>T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>vertebrates</kwd><kwd>comparative morphology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кветной И.М., Ярилин А.А., Полякова В.О., Князькин И.В. Нейроиммуноэндокринология тимуса. СПб.: ДЕАН, 2005. 160 с. [Kvetnoy I.M., Yarilin A.A., Polyakova V.O., Knazkin I.V. Neuroimmunoendocrinology of thymus]. St. Petersburg: DEAN, 2005. 160 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кветной И.М., Ярилин А.А., Полякова В.О., Князькин И.В. Нейроиммуноэндокринология тимуса. СПб.: ДЕАН, 2005. 160 с. [Kvetnoy I.M., Yarilin A.A., Polyakova V.O., Knazkin I.V. 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