<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2017-4-461-470</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1317</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОЧКА ЗРЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>VIEWPOINT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ NK-КЛЕТОК И NKG2D-ПОЗИТИВНЫХ ЛИМФОЦИТОВ КАК МИШЕНЬ ДЛЯ ТЕРАПИИ БОЛЕЗНИ  КРОНА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>POTENTIAL USAGE OF NK CELLS AND NKG2D-POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES AS TARGETS IN THERAPY OF CROHN’S DISEASE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуленина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shulenina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шуленина Екатерина Алексеевна – лаборант-исследователь лаборатории молекулярной  иммунологии  ФНКЦДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева; обучающийся МГМУ им. И.М.  Сеченова.</p><p>117133, Москва, ул. Теплый стан, 21, корп. 1/232, тел.: 8 (915) 216-09-46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shulenina  Ekaterina  A. - Junior Research Associate, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev FRC PHOI; Student,  First Moscow I.M. Sechenov SMU.</p><p>117133, Moscow, Teply Stan 21, bldg 1, apt 232. Phone: 7 (915) 216-09-46</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ekaterina.shu.moscow@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абакушина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abakushina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммунологии.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысюк</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyssuk</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук,  старший научный сотрудник лаборатории генной терапии ИБГ РАН; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии  Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения ФНКЦДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева; старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной онкологии Научно-исследовательского института трансляционной медицины РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Gene Therapy IGB RAS; Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev FRC PHOI; Senior Research Associate, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Pirogov R NRMU.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева» Министерства здравоохранения РФ; ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Московский государственный Медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology; First Moscow I.M. Sechenov State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский радиологический центр» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre, Branch of National Medical Research Radiological Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева» Министерства здравоохранения РФ; ФГБУН «Институт биологии гена» РАН; ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>461</fpage><lpage>470</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шуленина Е.А., Абакушина Е.А., Лысюк Е.Ю., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шуленина Е.А., Абакушина Е.А., Лысюк Е.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shulenina E.A., Abakushina E.V., Lyssuk E.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1317">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1317</self-uri><abstract><p>Открытие полиморфизмов генов  NOD2, ATG16L1, IRGM, ассоциированных с нарушением процесса аутофагии у пациентов с болезнью Крона (БК), позволило по-новому взглянуть на вопрос  этиологии данного заболевания. На  фоне  генетически обусловленной дисфункции макрофагов все более  вероятной представляется важная роль  патогенов в индукции БК, что подтверждается данными о широком распространении среди  пациентов с БК  случаев  хронической инфекции внутриклеточными патогенами Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis и E. coli. Потеря макрофагами способности уничтожать внутриклеточные микроорганизмы ведет к хронической инфекции с повышенной продукцией провоспалительных цитокинов и повреждением собственных тканей.</p><p>Контроль за работой макрофагов осуществляют NK-клетки: связывание NKG2D-рецептора с молекулами MICA  на поверхности макрофагов приводит к лизису  последних. Передача сигнала через рецептор NKG2D может  повысить функциональную активность NK  в отношении дефектных макрофагов и, таким образом, усиливать их элиминацию. Кроме того, ввиду повышенной численности NKG2D+  лимфоцитов у пациентов с БК, использование растворимых форм  MICA  может  изменить соотношение между  цитотоксическими и регуляторными лимфоцитами в пользу  последних и снизить продукцию провоспалительных цитокинов, которые поддерживают в кишечнике состояние хронического воспаления. В данном обзоре рассмотрены перспективные направления в изучении и терапии БК.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Autoimmune mechanisms of Crohn’s disease have been extensively  studied, following discovery of NOD2, ATG16L1, IRGM genetic  polymorphisms associated with  Crohn’s disease.  These  genes play an important role  in  innate immune response  against  intracellular bacteria, in  particular, due  to  their  direct participation in a process  known  as autophagy. Due  to mentioned genetic  traits,  the  CD  patients are more susceptible to chronic infections caused  by intracellular pathogens. Recent studies revealed  high incidence of intracellular infection with Mycobacterium  paratuberculosis and  E. coli in the intestinal tissue specimens and blood  macrophages obtained from  the CD  patients. Such  a chronic, non-resolved infection may disturb  the immune cell properties and  affect  the  balance of pro-inflammatory and  anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus resulting  into chronic inflammation, a hallmark of Crohn disease.</p><p>In  this  view, potential  usage  of NK  cells  aimed  for  influencing macrophage activity  represents a new approach in understanding and treatment of autoimmune pathologies. The macrophages are controlled by NK cells. I.e.,  binding  of NKG2D receptor to the MICA  molecules on the macrophage surface causes their lysis.</p><p>A signal transfer via NKG2D receptor may increase functional activity of NK against defective macrophages, and hence, promote their elimination. Moreover, in Crohn patients with usually elevated NKG2D+  lymphocyte numbers, a stimulation of NKG2D+  cells  by soluble  MICA  (sMICA) may  influence the  balance between cytotoxic and regulatory lymphocytes, and reduce  pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, in order to attenuate chronic inflammation of gut tissues. This review is aimed  to discuss a role of NKG2D+  NK  cells in Crohn’s disease pathology and their possible implications for management and treatment of this disorder.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>NKG2D</kwd><kwd>NK</kwd><kwd>MICA</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунитет</kwd><kwd>болезнь Крона</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>NKG2D</kwd><kwd>NK</kwd><kwd>MICA</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>autoimmunity</kwd><kwd>Crohn’s disease</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Российский  научный  фонд, проект  №  14-35-00105;  грант  Президента НШ-9069.2016.4</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абакушина Е.В. Роль стресс-индуцированных молекул MICA/B в противоопухолевом иммунном ответе // Злокачественные опухоли, 2012. T. 2, № 2. С. 103-105. [Abakushina E.V. The role of stress-induced molecules MICA/B in the anti-tumor immune response. Zlokachestvennyie opukholi = Malignant Tumors, 2012, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 103-105. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Абакушина Е.В. Роль стресс-индуцированных молекул MICA/B в противоопухолевом иммунном ответе // Злокачественные опухоли, 2012. T. 2, № 2. С. 103-105. [Abakushina E.V. The role of stress-induced molecules MICA/B in the anti-tumor immune response. Zlokachestvennyie opukholi = Malignant Tumors, 2012, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 103-105. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абакушина Е.В., Абакушин Д.Н., Неприна Г.С., Пасова И.А., Бердов Б.А., Клинкова А.В., Коваленко Е.И., Каприн А.Д. Повышение уровня цитокинов и стресс-индуцированных молекул MICA в сыворотке крови больных раком желудка и толстой кишки // Цитокины и воспаление, 2015. Т. 14, № 1. С. 63-67. [Abakushina E.V., Abakushin D.N., Neprina G.S., Pasova I.A., Berdov B.A., Klinkova A.V., Kovalenko E.I., Kaprin A.D. Elevation of serum levels of cytokines and stress-induced molecules MICA in patients with gaster and colon cancer. Tsitokiny i vospalenie = Cytokines and Inflammation, 2015, Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 63-67. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Абакушина Е.В., Абакушин Д.Н., Неприна Г.С., Пасова И.А., Бердов Б.А., Клинкова А.В., Коваленко Е.И., Каприн А.Д. Повышение уровня цитокинов и стресс-индуцированных молекул MICA в сыворотке крови больных раком желудка и толстой кишки // Цитокины и воспаление, 2015. Т. 14, № 1. С. 63-67. [Abakushina E.V., Abakushin D.N., Neprina G.S., Pasova I.A., Berdov B.A., Klinkova A.V., Kovalenko E.I., Kaprin A.D. Elevation of serum levels of cytokines and stress-induced molecules MICA in patients with gaster and colon cancer. Tsitokiny i vospalenie = Cytokines and Inflammation, 2015, Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 63-67. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абакушина Е.В., Клинкова А.В., Каневский Л.М., Коваленко Е.И. Увеличение растворимых форм стресс-индуцированных молекул MICA при онкологических заболеваниях // Молекулярная медицина, 2014. № 3. С. 34-38. [Abakushina E.V., Klinkova A.V., Kanevskiy L.M., Kovalenko E.I. Elevation of serum levels of soluble forms of stress-induced molecules MICA in oncological diseases. Molekulyarnaya meditsina = Molecular Medicine, 2014, no. 3, pp. 34-38. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Абакушина Е.В., Клинкова А.В., Каневский Л.М., Коваленко Е.И. Увеличение растворимых форм стресс-индуцированных молекул MICA при онкологических заболеваниях // Молекулярная медицина, 2014. № 3. С. 34-38. [Abakushina E.V., Klinkova A.V., Kanevskiy L.M., Kovalenko E.I. Elevation of serum levels of soluble forms of stress-induced molecules MICA in oncological diseases. Molekulyarnaya meditsina = Molecular Medicine, 2014, no. 3, pp. 34-38. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абакушина Е.В., Маризина Ю.В., Пасова И.А., Козлов И.Г., Каприн А.Д. Критерии отбора пациентов больных меланомой для иммунотерапии активированными лимфоцитами на основе исходного уровня стресс-индуцированных молекул MICA // Медицинская иммунология, 2015. Т. 17, Специальный выпуск, № 3. С. 153-154. [Abakushina E.V., Marizina J.V., Pasova I.A., Kozlov I.G., Kaprin A.D. Selection criteria for patients with melanoma for immunotherapy by activated lymphocytes based on initial level of stress-induced molecules MICA. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2015, Vol. 17, no. 3s, pp. 153-154. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Абакушина Е.В., Маризина Ю.В., Пасова И.А., Козлов И.Г., Каприн А.Д. Критерии отбора пациентов больных меланомой для иммунотерапии активированными лимфоцитами на основе исходного уровня стресс-индуцированных молекул MICA // Медицинская иммунология, 2015. Т. 17, Специальный выпуск, № 3. С. 153-154. [Abakushina E.V., Marizina J.V., Pasova I.A., Kozlov I.G., Kaprin A.D. Selection criteria for patients with melanoma for immunotherapy by activated lymphocytes based on initial level of stress-induced molecules MICA. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology (Russia), 2015, Vol. 17, no. 3s, pp. 153-154. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Закеева И.Р., Бережной А.Е., Гнучев Н.В., Георгиев Г.П. Ларин С.С. Ингибиторные рецепторы лимфоцитов и их роль в противоопухолевом иммунитете // Вопросы онкологии, 2007. Т. 2, № 53. С. 140-149. [Zakeyeva I.R., Bereznoy A.E., Gnuchev N.V., Georgiev G.P. Lymphocyte inhibitory receptors functioning in antitumor immune response. Voprosy oncologii = Problems of Oncology, 2007, Vol. 2, no. 53, pp. 140-149. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Закеева И.Р., Бережной А.Е., Гнучев Н.В., Георгиев Г.П. Ларин С.С. Ингибиторные рецепторы лимфоцитов и их роль в противоопухолевом иммунитете // Вопросы онкологии, 2007. Т. 2, № 53. С. 140-149. [Zakeyeva I.R., Bereznoy A.E., Gnuchev N.V., Georgiev G.P. Lymphocyte inhibitory receptors functioning in antitumor immune response. Voprosy oncologii = Problems of Oncology, 2007, Vol. 2, no. 53, pp. 140-149. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agus A., Massier S., Darfeuille-Michaud A., Billard E., Barnich N. Understanding host-adherent-invasive Escherichia coli interaction in Crohn’s disease: opening up new therapeutic strategies. Biomed Res Int., 2014, Art. ID 567929, 16 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agus A., Massier S., Darfeuille-Michaud A., Billard E., Barnich N. Understanding host-adherent-invasive Escherichia coli interaction in Crohn’s disease: opening up new therapeutic strategies. Biomed Res Int., 2014, Art. ID 567929, 16 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allez M., Tieng V., Nakazawa A., Treton X., Pacault V., Dulphy N., Caillat-Zucman S., Paul P., Gornet J.M., Douay C., Ravet S., Tamouza R., Charron D., Lémann M., Mayer L., Toubert A. CD4+NKG2D+ T cells in Crohn’s disease mediate inflammatory and cytotoxic responses through MICA interactions. Gastroenterology, 2007, Vol. 132, no. 7, pp. 2346-2358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allez M., Tieng V., Nakazawa A., Treton X., Pacault V., Dulphy N., Caillat-Zucman S., Paul P., Gornet J.M., Douay C., Ravet S., Tamouza R., Charron D., Lémann M., Mayer L., Toubert A. CD4+NKG2D+ T cells in Crohn’s disease mediate inflammatory and cytotoxic responses through MICA interactions. Gastroenterology, 2007, Vol. 132, no. 7, pp. 2346-2358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baecher-Allan C., Hafler D.A. Human regulatory T cells and their role in autoimmune disease. Immunol. Rev., 2006, Vol. 212, pp. 203-216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baecher-Allan C., Hafler D.A. Human regulatory T cells and their role in autoimmune disease. Immunol. Rev., 2006, Vol. 212, pp. 203-216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnich N., Carvalho F.A., Glasser A.L., Darcha C., Jantscheff P., Allez M., Peeters H., Bommelaer G., Desreumaux P., Colombel J.F., Darfeuille-Michaud A. CEACAM6 acts as a receptor for adherent-invasive E. coli, supporting ileal mucosa colonization in Crohn disease. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, Vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 1566-1574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnich N., Carvalho F.A., Glasser A.L., Darcha C., Jantscheff P., Allez M., Peeters H., Bommelaer G., Desreumaux P., Colombel J.F., Darfeuille-Michaud A. CEACAM6 acts as a receptor for adherent-invasive E. coli, supporting ileal mucosa colonization in Crohn disease. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, Vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 1566-1574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauer S., Groh V., Wu J., Steinle A., Phillips J.H., Lanier L.L., Spies T. Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA. Science, 1999, Vol. 285, no. 5428, pp. 727-729.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauer S., Groh V., Wu J., Steinle A., Phillips J.H., Lanier L.L., Spies T. Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA. Science, 1999, Vol. 285, no. 5428, pp. 727-729.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braunstein J., Qiao L., Autschbach F., Schürmann G., Meuer S. T cells of the human intestinal lamina propria are high producers of interleukin-10. Gut, 1997, Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 215-220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braunstein J., Qiao L., Autschbach F., Schürmann G., Meuer S. T cells of the human intestinal lamina propria are high producers of interleukin-10. Gut, 1997, Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 215-220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camus M., Esses S., Pariente B., Le Bourhis L., Douay C., Chardiny V., Mocan I., Benlagha K., Clave E., Toubert A., Mayer L., Allez M. Oligoclonal expansions of mucosal T cells in Crohn’s disease predominate in NKG2Dexpressing CD4 T cells. Mucosal Immunol., 2014, Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 325-334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camus M., Esses S., Pariente B., Le Bourhis L., Douay C., Chardiny V., Mocan I., Benlagha K., Clave E., Toubert A., Mayer L., Allez M. Oligoclonal expansions of mucosal T cells in Crohn’s disease predominate in NKG2Dexpressing CD4 T cells. Mucosal Immunol., 2014, Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 325-334.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conte M., Longhi C., Marazzato M., Conte A.L., Aleandri M., Lepanto M.S., Zagaglia C., Nicoletti M., Aloi M., Totino V., Palamara A.T., Schippa S. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) in pediatric Crohn’s disease patients: phenotypic and genetic pathogenic features. BMC Res. Notes, 2014, Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 748.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conte M., Longhi C., Marazzato M., Conte A.L., Aleandri M., Lepanto M.S., Zagaglia C., Nicoletti M., Aloi M., Totino V., Palamara A.T., Schippa S. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) in pediatric Crohn’s disease patients: phenotypic and genetic pathogenic features. BMC Res. Notes, 2014, Vol. 7, no. 1, p. 748.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooney R., Baker J., Brain O., Danis B., Pichulik T., Allan P., Ferguson D.J., Campbell B.J., Jewell D., Simmons A. NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation. Nat. Med., 2010, Vol.16, no. 1, pp. 90-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooney R., Baker J., Brain O., Danis B., Pichulik T., Allan P., Ferguson D.J., Campbell B.J., Jewell D., Simmons A. NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation. Nat. Med., 2010, Vol.16, no. 1, pp. 90-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cuthbert A.P., Fisher S.A., Mirza M.M., King K., Hampe J., Croucher P.J., Mascheretti S., Sanderson J., Forbes A., Mansfield J., Schreiber S., Lewis C.M., Mathew C.G. The contribution of NOD2 gene mutations to the risk and site of disease in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 2002, Vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 867-874.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cuthbert A.P., Fisher S.A., Mirza M.M., King K., Hampe J., Croucher P.J., Mascheretti S., Sanderson J., Forbes A., Mansfield J., Schreiber S., Lewis C.M., Mathew C.G. The contribution of NOD2 gene mutations to the risk and site of disease in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 2002, Vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 867-874.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">González S., Groh V., Spies T. Immunobiology of human NKG2D and its ligands. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 298, no. 121-138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">González S., Groh V., Spies T. Immunobiology of human NKG2D and its ligands. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 298, no. 121-138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groh V., Smythe K., Dai Z., Spies T. Fas-ligand-mediated paracrine T cell regulation by the receptor NKG2D in tumor immunity. Nat. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 755-762.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groh V., Smythe K., Dai Z., Spies T. Fas-ligand-mediated paracrine T cell regulation by the receptor NKG2D in tumor immunity. Nat. Immunol., 2006, Vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 755-762.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groh V., Wu J., Yee C., Spies T. Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation. Nature, 2002, Vol. 419, no. 6908, pp. 734-738.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groh V., Wu J., Yee C., Spies T. Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation. Nature, 2002, Vol. 419, no. 6908, pp. 734-738.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall L.J., Murphy C.T., Quinlan A., Hurley G., Shanahan F., Nally K., Melgar S. Natural killer cells protect mice from DSS-induced colitis by regulating neutrophil function via the NKG2A receptor. Mucosal Immunol., 2013, Vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1016-1026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall L.J., Murphy C.T., Quinlan A., Hurley G., Shanahan F., Nally K., Melgar S. Natural killer cells protect mice from DSS-induced colitis by regulating neutrophil function via the NKG2A receptor. Mucosal Immunol., 2013, Vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1016-1026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henry S.C., Daniell X., Indaram M., Whitesides J.F., Sempowski G.D., Howell D., Oliver T., Taylor G.A. Impaired macrophage function underscores susceptibility to Salmonella in mice lacking Irgm1 (LRG-47). J. Immunol., 2007, Vol. 179, no. 10, pp. 6963-6972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henry S.C., Daniell X., Indaram M., Whitesides J.F., Sempowski G.D., Howell D., Oliver T., Taylor G.A. Impaired macrophage function underscores susceptibility to Salmonella in mice lacking Irgm1 (LRG-47). J. Immunol., 2007, Vol. 179, no. 10, pp. 6963-6972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heresbach D., Alexandre J.L., Branger B., Bretagne J.F., Cruchant E., Dabadie A., Dartois-Hoguin M., Girardot P.M., Jouanolle H., Kerneis J., Le Verger J.C., Louvain V., Politis J., Richecoeur M., Robaszkiewicz M., Seyrig J.A. Frequency and significance of granulomas in a cohort of incident cases of Crohn’s disease. Gut, 2005, Vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 215-222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heresbach D., Alexandre J.L., Branger B., Bretagne J.F., Cruchant E., Dabadie A., Dartois-Hoguin M., Girardot P.M., Jouanolle H., Kerneis J., Le Verger J.C., Louvain V., Politis J., Richecoeur M., Robaszkiewicz M., Seyrig J.A. Frequency and significance of granulomas in a cohort of incident cases of Crohn’s disease. Gut, 2005, Vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 215-222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inohara N., Ogura Y., Fontalba A., Gutierrez O., Pons F., Crespo J., Fukase K., Inamura S., Kusumoto S., Hashimoto M., Foster S.J., Moran A.P., Fernandez-Luna J.L., Nuñez G. Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. Implications for Crohn’s disease. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, Vol. 278, no. 8, pp. 5509-5512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inohara N., Ogura Y., Fontalba A., Gutierrez O., Pons F., Crespo J., Fukase K., Inamura S., Kusumoto S., Hashimoto M., Foster S.J., Moran A.P., Fernandez-Luna J.L., Nuñez G. Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. Implications for Crohn’s disease. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, Vol. 278, no. 8, pp. 5509-5512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jostins L., Ripke S., Weersma R.K., Duerr R.H., McGovern D.P., Hui K.Y., Lee J.C., Schumm L.P., Sharma Y., Anderson C.A., Essers J., Mitrovic M., Ning K., Cleynen I., Theatre E., Spain S.L., Raychaudhuri S., Goyette P., Wei Z., Abraham C., Achkar J.P., Ahmad T., Amininejad L., Ananthakrishnan A.N., Andersen V., Andrews J.M., Baidoo L., Balschun T., Bampton P.A., Bitton A., Boucher G., Brand S., Büning C., Cohain A., Cichon S., D’Amato M., De Jong D., Devaney K.L., Dubinsky M., Edwards C., Ellinghaus D., Ferguson L.R., Franchimont D., Fransen K., Gearry R., Georges M., Gieger C., Glas J., Haritunians T., Hart A., Hawkey C., Hedl M., Hu X., Karlsen T.H., Kupcinskas L., Kugathasan S., Latiano A., Laukens D., Lawrance I.C., Lees C.W., Louis E., Mahy G., Mansfield J., Morgan A.R., Mowat C., Newman W., Palmieri O., Ponsioen C.Y., Potocnik U., Prescott N.J., Regueiro M., Rotter J.I., Russell R.K., Sanderson J.D., Sans M., Satsangi J., Schreiber S., Simms L.A., Sventoraityte J., Targan S.R., Taylor K.D., Tremelling M., Verspaget H.W., De Vos M., Wijmenga C., Wilson D.C., Winkelmann J., Xavier R.J., Zeissig S., Zhang B., Zhang C.K., Zhao H., Silverberg M.S., Annese V., Hakonarson H., Brant S.R., Radford-Smith G., Mathew C.G., Rioux J.D., Schadt E.E., Daly M.J., Franke A., Parkes M., Vermeire S., Barrett J.C., Cho J.H. Hostmicrobe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature, 2012, Vol. 491, no. 7422, pp. 119-124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jostins L., Ripke S., Weersma R.K., Duerr R.H., McGovern D.P., Hui K.Y., Lee J.C., Schumm L.P., Sharma Y., Anderson C.A., Essers J., Mitrovic M., Ning K., Cleynen I., Theatre E., Spain S.L., Raychaudhuri S., Goyette P., Wei Z., Abraham C., Achkar J.P., Ahmad T., Amininejad L., Ananthakrishnan A.N., Andersen V., Andrews J.M., Baidoo L., Balschun T., Bampton P.A., Bitton A., Boucher G., Brand S., Büning C., Cohain A., Cichon S., D’Amato M., De Jong D., Devaney K.L., Dubinsky M., Edwards C., Ellinghaus D., Ferguson L.R., Franchimont D., Fransen K., Gearry R., Georges M., Gieger C., Glas J., Haritunians T., Hart A., Hawkey C., Hedl M., Hu X., Karlsen T.H., Kupcinskas L., Kugathasan S., Latiano A., Laukens D., Lawrance I.C., Lees C.W., Louis E., Mahy G., Mansfield J., Morgan A.R., Mowat C., Newman W., Palmieri O., Ponsioen C.Y., Potocnik U., Prescott N.J., Regueiro M., Rotter J.I., Russell R.K., Sanderson J.D., Sans M., Satsangi J., Schreiber S., Simms L.A., Sventoraityte J., Targan S.R., Taylor K.D., Tremelling M., Verspaget H.W., De Vos M., Wijmenga C., Wilson D.C., Winkelmann J., Xavier R.J., Zeissig S., Zhang B., Zhang C.K., Zhao H., Silverberg M.S., Annese V., Hakonarson H., Brant S.R., Radford-Smith G., Mathew C.G., Rioux J.D., Schadt E.E., Daly M.J., Franke A., Parkes M., Vermeire S., Barrett J.C., Cho J.H. Hostmicrobe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature, 2012, Vol. 491, no. 7422, pp. 119-124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kjellev S., Haase C., Lundsgaard D., Ursø B., Tornehave D., Markholst H. Inhibition of NKG2D receptor function by antibody therapy attenuates transfer-induced colitis in SCID mice. Eur. J. Immunol., 2007, Vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1397-1406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kjellev S., Haase C., Lundsgaard D., Ursø B., Tornehave D., Markholst H. Inhibition of NKG2D receptor function by antibody therapy attenuates transfer-induced colitis in SCID mice. Eur. J. Immunol., 2007, Vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1397-1406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobayashi K.S., Chamaillard M., Ogura Y., Henegariu O., Inohara N., Nuñez G., Flavell R.A. Nod2dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract. Science, 2005, Vol. 307, no. 5710, pp. 731-734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobayashi K.S., Chamaillard M., Ogura Y., Henegariu O., Inohara N., Nuñez G., Flavell R.A. Nod2dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract. Science, 2005, Vol. 307, no. 5710, pp. 731-734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lapaquette P., Bringer M-A., Darfeuille-Michaud A. Defects in autophagy favour adherent-invasive Escherichia coli persistence within macrophages leading to increased pro-inflammatory response. Cell Microbiol., 2012, Vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 791-807.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapaquette P., Bringer M-A., Darfeuille-Michaud A. Defects in autophagy favour adherent-invasive Escherichia coli persistence within macrophages leading to increased pro-inflammatory response. Cell Microbiol., 2012, Vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 791-807.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lassen K.G., Kuballa P., Conway K.L., Patel K.K., Becker C.E., Peloquin J.M., Villablanca E.J., Norman J.M., Liu T.C., Heath R.J., Becker M.L., Fagbami L., Horn H., Mercer J., Yilmaz O.H., Jaffe J.D., Shamji A.F., Bhan A.K., Carr S.A., Daly M.J., Virgin H.W., Schreiber S.L., Stappenbeck T.S., Xavier R.J. Atg16L1 T300A variant decreases selective autophagy resulting in altered cytokine signaling and decreased antibacterial defense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2014, Vol. 111, no. 21, pp. 7741-7746.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lassen K.G., Kuballa P., Conway K.L., Patel K.K., Becker C.E., Peloquin J.M., Villablanca E.J., Norman J.M., Liu T.C., Heath R.J., Becker M.L., Fagbami L., Horn H., Mercer J., Yilmaz O.H., Jaffe J.D., Shamji A.F., Bhan A.K., Carr S.A., Daly M.J., Virgin H.W., Schreiber S.L., Stappenbeck T.S., Xavier R.J. Atg16L1 T300A variant decreases selective autophagy resulting in altered cytokine signaling and decreased antibacterial defense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2014, Vol. 111, no. 21, pp. 7741-7746.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liverani E., Scaioli E., Cardamone C., Dal Monte P., Belluzzi A. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the etiology of Crohn’s disease, cause or epiphenomenon? World J. Gastroenterol., 2014, Vol. 20, no. 36, pp. 13060-13070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liverani E., Scaioli E., Cardamone C., Dal Monte P., Belluzzi A. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the etiology of Crohn’s disease, cause or epiphenomenon? World J. Gastroenterol., 2014, Vol. 20, no. 36, pp. 13060-13070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacMicking J.D., Taylor G.A., McKinney J.D. Immune control of tuberculosis by IFN-inducible LRG-47. Science, 2003, Vol. 302, no. 5645, pp. 654-659.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacMicking J.D., Taylor G.A., McKinney J.D. Immune control of tuberculosis by IFN-inducible LRG-47. Science, 2003, Vol. 302, no. 5645, pp. 654-659.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCarroll S.A., Kuruvilla F.G., Korn J.M., Cawley S., Nemesh J., Wysoker A., Shapero M.H., de Bakker P.I., Maller J.B., Kirby A., Elliott A.L., Parkin M., Hubbell E., Webster T., Mei R., Veitch J., Collins P.J., Handsaker R., Lincoln S., Nizzari M., Blume J., Jones K.W., Rava R., Daly M.J., Gabriel S.B., Altshuler D. Integrated detection and population-genetic analysis of SNPs and copy number variation. Nat. Genet., 2008, Vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1166-1174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCarroll S.A., Kuruvilla F.G., Korn J.M., Cawley S., Nemesh J., Wysoker A., Shapero M.H., de Bakker P.I., Maller J.B., Kirby A., Elliott A.L., Parkin M., Hubbell E., Webster T., Mei R., Veitch J., Collins P.J., Handsaker R., Lincoln S., Nizzari M., Blume J., Jones K.W., Rava R., Daly M.J., Gabriel S.B., Altshuler D. Integrated detection and population-genetic analysis of SNPs and copy number variation. Nat. Genet., 2008, Vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1166-1174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miceli-Richard C., Lesage S., Rybojad M., Prieur A.M., Manouvrier-Hanu S., Häfner R., Chamaillard M., Zouali H., Thomas G., Hugot J.P. CARD15 mutations in Blau syndrome. Nat. Genet., 2001, Vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 19-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miceli-Richard C., Lesage S., Rybojad M., Prieur A.M., Manouvrier-Hanu S., Häfner R., Chamaillard M., Zouali H., Thomas G., Hugot J.P. CARD15 mutations in Blau syndrome. Nat. Genet., 2001, Vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 19-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mimouna S., Bazin M., Mograbi B., Darfeuille-Michaud A., Brest P., Hofman P., Vouret-Craviari V. HIF1A regulates xenophagic degradation of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). Autophagy, 2014, Vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2333-2345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mimouna S., Bazin M., Mograbi B., Darfeuille-Michaud A., Brest P., Hofman P., Vouret-Craviari V. HIF1A regulates xenophagic degradation of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). Autophagy, 2014, Vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2333-2345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murai M., Turovskaya O., Kim G., Madan R., Karp C.L., Cheroutre H., Kronenberg M. Interleukin 10 acts on regulatory T cells to maintain expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 and suppressive function in mice with colitis. Nat. Immunol., 2009, Vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1178-1184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murai M., Turovskaya O., Kim G., Madan R., Karp C.L., Cheroutre H., Kronenberg M. Interleukin 10 acts on regulatory T cells to maintain expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 and suppressive function in mice with colitis. Nat. Immunol., 2009, Vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1178-1184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogura Y., Lala S., Xin W., Smith E., Dowds T.A., Chen F.F., Zimmermann E., Tretiakova M., Cho J.H., Hart J., Greenson J.K., Keshav S., Nuñez G. Expression of NOD2 in Paneth cells: a possible link to Crohn’s ileitis. Gut, 2003, Vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 1591-1597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogura Y., Lala S., Xin W., Smith E., Dowds T.A., Chen F.F., Zimmermann E., Tretiakova M., Cho J.H., Hart J., Greenson J.K., Keshav S., Nuñez G. Expression of NOD2 in Paneth cells: a possible link to Crohn’s ileitis. Gut, 2003, Vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 1591-1597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pariente B., Mocan I., Camus M., Dutertre C.A., Ettersperger J., Cattan P., Gornet J.M., Dulphy N., Charron D., Lémann M., Toubert A., Allez M. Activation of the receptor NKG2D leads to production of Th17 cytokines in CD4+ T cells of patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, 2011, Vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 217-226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pariente B., Mocan I., Camus M., Dutertre C.A., Ettersperger J., Cattan P., Gornet J.M., Dulphy N., Charron D., Lémann M., Toubert A., Allez M. Activation of the receptor NKG2D leads to production of Th17 cytokines in CD4+ T cells of patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, 2011, Vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 217-226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salih H.R., Rammensee HH-G., Steinle A. Cutting Edge: Down-regulation of MICA on human tumors by proteolytic shedding. J. Immunol., 2002, Vol. 169, no. 8, pp. 4098-4102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salih H.R., Rammensee HH-G., Steinle A. Cutting Edge: Down-regulation of MICA on human tumors by proteolytic shedding. J. Immunol., 2002, Vol. 169, no. 8, pp. 4098-4102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulz U., Kreutz M., Multhoff G., Stoelcker B., Köhler M., Andreesen R., Holler E. Interleukin-10 promotes NK cell killing of autologous macrophages by stimulating expression of NKG2D ligands. Scand. J. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 319-331.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulz U., Kreutz M., Multhoff G., Stoelcker B., Köhler M., Andreesen R., Holler E. Interleukin-10 promotes NK cell killing of autologous macrophages by stimulating expression of NKG2D ligands. Scand. J. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 319-331.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh S.B., Davis A.S., Taylor G.A., Deretic V. Human IRGM induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular mycobacteria. Science, 2006, Vol. 313, no. 5792, pp. 1438-1441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh S.B., Davis A.S., Taylor G.A., Deretic V. Human IRGM induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular mycobacteria. Science, 2006, Vol. 313, no. 5792, pp. 1438-1441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torraca V., Masud S., Spaink H.P., Meijer A.H. Macrophage-pathogen interactions in infectious diseases: new therapeutic insights from the zebrafish host model. Dis. Models Mech., 2014, Vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 785-797.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torraca V., Masud S., Spaink H.P., Meijer A.H. Macrophage-pathogen interactions in infectious diseases: new therapeutic insights from the zebrafish host model. Dis. Models Mech., 2014, Vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 785-797.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Travassos L.H., Carneiro L.A., Ramjeet M., Hussey S., Kim Y.G., Magalhães J.G., Yuan L., Soares F., Chea E., Le Bourhis L., Boneca I.G., Allaoui A., Jones N.L., Nuñez G., Girardin S.E., Philpott D.J. Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry. Nat. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 55-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Travassos L.H., Carneiro L.A., Ramjeet M., Hussey S., Kim Y.G., Magalhães J.G., Yuan L., Soares F., Chea E., Le Bourhis L., Boneca I.G., Allaoui A., Jones N.L., Nuñez G., Girardin S.E., Philpott D.J. Nod1 and Nod2 direct autophagy by recruiting ATG16L1 to the plasma membrane at the site of bacterial entry. Nat. Immunol., 2010, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 55-62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waldhauer I., Steinle A. Proteolytic release of soluble UL16-binding protein 2 from tumor cells. Cancer Res., 2006, Vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2520-2526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waldhauer I., Steinle A. Proteolytic release of soluble UL16-binding protein 2 from tumor cells. Cancer Res., 2006, Vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2520-2526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wedebye Schmidt E.G., Larsen H.L., Kristensen N.N., Poulsen S.S., Lynge Pedersen A.M., Claesson M.H., Pedersen A.E. TH17 cell induction and effects of IL-17A and IL-17F blockade in experimental colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2013. Vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1567-1576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wedebye Schmidt E.G., Larsen H.L., Kristensen N.N., Poulsen S.S., Lynge Pedersen A.M., Claesson M.H., Pedersen A.E. TH17 cell induction and effects of IL-17A and IL-17F blockade in experimental colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2013. Vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1567-1576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wehkamp J., Salzman N.H., Porter E., Nuding S., Weichenthal M., Petras R.E., Shen B., Schaeffeler E., Schwab M., Linzmeier R., Feathers R.W., Chu H., Lima H., Fellermann K., Ganz T., Stange E.F., Bevins S.L. Reduced Paneth cell – defensins in ileal Crohn’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2005, Vol. 102, no. 50, pp. 18129-18134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wehkamp J., Salzman N.H., Porter E., Nuding S., Weichenthal M., Petras R.E., Shen B., Schaeffeler E., Schwab M., Linzmeier R., Feathers R.W., Chu H., Lima H., Fellermann K., Ganz T., Stange E.F., Bevins S.L. Reduced Paneth cell – defensins in ileal Crohn’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2005, Vol. 102, no. 50, pp. 18129-18134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang C., Zhang J., Wei H., Tian Z. Imbalance of NKG2D and its inhibitory counterparts: How does tumor escape from innate immunity? Int. Immunopharmacol., 2005, Vol. 5, no. 7-8, pp. 1099-1111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang C., Zhang J., Wei H., Tian Z. Imbalance of NKG2D and its inhibitory counterparts: How does tumor escape from innate immunity? Int. Immunopharmacol., 2005, Vol. 5, no. 7-8, pp. 1099-1111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J., Xu Z., Zhou X., Zhang H., Yang N., Wu Y., Chen Y., Yang G., Ren T. Loss of expression of MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) is a frequent event and predicts poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol., 2014, Vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 3123-3131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J., Xu Z., Zhou X., Zhang H., Yang N., Wu Y., Chen Y., Yang G., Ren T. Loss of expression of MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) is a frequent event and predicts poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol., 2014, Vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 3123-3131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
