<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mimmun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская иммунология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Immunology (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1563-0625</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-741X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/1563-0625-2016-6-555-562</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mimmun-1136</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РОЛЬ АРГИНИНДЕИМИНАЗЫ STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES M49-16 В ИНГИБИЦИИ ПРОЛИФЕРАЦИИ ЭНДОТЕЛИАЛЬНЫХ КЛЕТОК ЧЕЛОВЕКА ЛИНИИ EA.hy926</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A ROLE OF ARGININE DEIMINASE FROM STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES M49-16 IN PROMOTING INFECTION AND INHIBITION OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старикова</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starikova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник отдела иммунологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Research Associate, Department of Immunology,</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Starickova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карасева</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karaseva</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник отдела молекулярной микробиологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Associate, Department of Molecular Microbiology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Starickova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела молекулярной микробиологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Research Associate, Department of Molecular Microbiology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Starickova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суворов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suvorov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заведующий отделом молекулярной микробиологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head, Department of Molecular Microbiology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Starickova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., заведующий лабораторией, отдел молекулярной генетики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Head of Laboratory, Department of Molecular Genetics</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Starickova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyev</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заведующий отделом молекулярной генетики </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Chief, Department of Molecular Genetics</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Starickova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фрейдлин</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Freidlin</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., член-корр. РАН, главный научный сотрудник отдела иммунологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>hD, MD (Medicine), Corresponding Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Main Research Associate, Department of Immunology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Starickova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины», Санкт-Петербург, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины», Санкт-Петербург, Россия &#13;
ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ, Санкт-Петербург, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation &#13;
The First St. Petersburg I. Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>555</fpage><lpage>562</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Старикова Э.А., Карасева А.Б., Бурова Л.А., Суворов А.Н., Соколов А.В., Васильев В.Б., Фрейдлин И.С., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Старикова Э.А., Карасева А.Б., Бурова Л.А., Суворов А.Н., Соколов А.В., Васильев В.Б., Фрейдлин И.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Starikova E.A., Karaseva A.B., Burova L.A., Suvorov A.N., Sokolov A.V., Vasilyev V.B., Freidlin I.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1136">https://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1136</self-uri><abstract><p>Аргининдеиминаза (АД) – бактериальный фермент, который осуществляет гидролиз аргинина с образованием цитруллина и аммиака. В последние годы в литературе накапливается все больше данных об антиангиогенном действии АД Mycoplasma spp. в экспериментах in vitro и in vivo. Наши исследования показали, что АД Streptococcus pyogenes тип М22 обладает аналогичным эффектом, а именно – подавляет пролиферацию и другие функции эндотелиальных клеток, связанные с процессом ангиогенеза. Для подтверждения ведущей роли АД как фактора, ответственного за анти-пролиферативное действие, был сконструирован изогенный мутант S. pyogenes тип M49-16, не способный экспрессировать АД. Был проведен сравнительный анализ антипролиферативной активности S. pyogenes M49-16 и его изогенного мутанта с делецией гена АД (M49-16delAD) в отношении эндотелиальных клеток линии EA.hy926. В работе использовали супернатанты разрушенных ультразвуком S. pyogenes M49-16 и M49-16delAD. В ходе исследований проводили сравнение способности супернатантов разрушенных S. pyogenes M49-16 и M49-16delAD гидролизовать аргинин. Кроме того, изучали влияние супернатантов разрушенных стрептококков на пролиферативную активность эндотелиальных клеток и их распределение по фазам клеточного цикла. Исследования показали, что супернатант исходного штамма S. pyogenes 49-16 достоверно подавлял пролиферацию эндотелиальных клеток (на 50% от контроля). Этот эффект был обусловлен его аргинигидролизующей активностью, т.к. добавление в среду экзогенного аргинина приводило к восстановлению пролиферации клеток до уровня пролиферации в контроле. Супернатант S. pyogenes М49-16delAD обладал достоверно сниженной по сравнению с супернатантом исходного штамма способностью гидролизовать аргинин. Культивирование эндотелиальных клеток в присутствии супернатанта S. pyogenes М49-16delAD приводило к снижению их пролиферативной активности только на 10% от контроля. Анализ распределения клеток по фазам клеточного цикла подтвердил эти результаты. Супернатант S. pyogenes M49-16 снижал долю клеток в фазах синтеза на 20% по сравнению с контролем. В присутствии супернатанта S. pyogenes М49-16delAD уменьшение доли клеток в фазах синтеза было выражено достоверно слабее и составило всего 5% от контроля. Полученные результаты раскрывают новые патогенетические механизмы эндотелиальной дисфункции при стрептококковой инфекции и доказывают антиангиогенный потенциал стрептококковой аргининдеиминазы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Arginine deiminase is a bacterial enzyme that hydrolyses arginine with citrulline and ammonia formation. In recent years, increasing evidence is reported about in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic action of arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma spp. Our studies have shown that arginine deiminase from Streptococcus pyogenes M22 exerts similar effects, i.e., inhibits proliferation and other endothelial cell functions related to angiogenesis. To confirm a leading role of arginine deiminase, as a factor responsible for the anti-proliferative effect, we have constructed an isogenic S. pyogenes M49-16 mutant unable to express arginine deiminase. A comparative analysis of anti-proliferative activity of original S. pyogenes M49-16 strain and its isogenic mutant with arginine deiminase gene deletion (M49-16delAD) was performed, using an endothelial EA.hy926 cell line. The bacterial supernatantes obtained by sonication of S. pyogenes M49-16 and M49-16delAD were tested. The ability of S. pyogenes M49-16 and M49-16delAD supernatantes to hydrolyze arginine was assessed. Moreover, we compared effects of the Streptococcus supernatantes upon proliferative activity of endothelial cells and their distribution through the cell cycle phases.</p><p>Supernatantes from original S. pyogenes 49-16 strain were shown to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation to a significant degree (down to 50% of controls). This effect was due to its arginine hydrolyzing activity, i. e. addition of exogenous arginine to the medium resulted into recovery of the cell proliferation levels. The supernatante from S. pyogenes M49-16delAD showed a lower ability to hydrolyze arginine as compared to the supernatante of original strain. Culturing of endothelial cells supplied with S. pyogenes M49-16delAD supernatantes resulted into reduction of their proliferative activity by 10% of control values. Analysis of the cell cycle distribution was concordant with these results. S. pyogenes M49-16 supernatante caused a decrease in S-phase cell fraction by 20% against controls. With a supernatants from S. pyogenes M49-16delAD, such drop in DNA-synthesizing cell ratio was significantly weaker (by only 5% of the control). These results reveal new pathogenetic mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction during streptococcal infection and suggest anti-angiogenic potential of streptococcal arginine deiminase.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>S. Pyogenes</kwd><kwd>аргининдеиминаза</kwd><kwd>эндотелиальные клетки</kwd><kwd>аргинин</kwd><kwd>пролиферация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>S. pyogenes</kwd><kwd>arginine deiminase</kwd><kwd>endothelial cells</kwd><kwd>arginine</kwd><kwd>proliferation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киселев П.Н. Токсикология инфекционных процессов. Л.: Медицина, 1971. 359 с. [Kiselev P.N. Infectious processes toxicology]. Leningrad: Medicine, 1971. 359 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Киселев П.Н. Токсикология инфекционных процессов. Л.: Медицина, 1971. 359 с. [Kiselev P.N. Infectious processes toxicology]. Leningrad: Medicine, 1971. 359 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старикова Э.А., Лебедева А.М., Бурова Л.А. Фрейдлин И.С. Изменения функциональной активности эндотелиальных клеток под влиянием лизата Streptococcus pyogenes // Цитология, 2012. Т. 54, № 1. С. 49-</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Старикова Э.А., Лебедева А.М., Бурова Л.А. Фрейдлин И.С. Изменения функциональной активности эндотелиальных клеток под влиянием лизата Streptococcus pyogenes // Цитология, 2012. Т. 54, № 1. С. 49-</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">[Starikova E.A., Lebedeva A.M., Burova L.A., Freidlin I.S. Regulation of endothelial cells functions by ultrasonic supernatant of Streptococcus pyogenes. Tsitologiya = Citology, 2012, Vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 49-57. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Starikova E.A., Lebedeva A.M., Burova L.A., Freidlin I.S. Regulation of endothelial cells functions by ultrasonic supernatant of Streptococcus pyogenes. Tsitologiya = Citology, 2012, Vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 49-57. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beloussow K., Wang L., Wu J., Ann D., Shen W.C. Recombinant arginine deiminase as a potential antiangiogenic agent. Cancer. Lett., 2002, Vol. 183, no. 2, pp. 155-162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beloussow K., Wang L., Wu J., Ann D., Shen W.C. Recombinant arginine deiminase as a potential antiangiogenic agent. Cancer. Lett., 2002, Vol. 183, no. 2, pp. 155-162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burns E., Marsiel A., Musser J. Activation of a 66-Kilodalton human endothelial cell matrix metalloprotease by Streptococcus pyogenes extracellular cysteine protease. Infection and Immunity, 1996, Vol. 64, pp. 4744-4750.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burns E., Marsiel A., Musser J. Activation of a 66-Kilodalton human endothelial cell matrix metalloprotease by Streptococcus pyogenes extracellular cysteine protease. Infection and Immunity, 1996, Vol. 64, pp. 4744-4750.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bryant A.E. Biology and pathogenesis of thrombosis and procoagulant activity in invasive infections caused by group A streptococci and Clostridium perfringens. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2003, Vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 451-462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryant A.E. Biology and pathogenesis of thrombosis and procoagulant activity in invasive infections caused by group A streptococci and Clostridium perfringens. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2003, Vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 451-462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casiano-Colon A., Marquis R.E. Role of the arginine deiminase system in protecting oral bacteria and an enzymatic basis for acid tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1988, Vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1318-1324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casiano-Colon A., Marquis R.E. Role of the arginine deiminase system in protecting oral bacteria and an enzymatic basis for acid tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1988, Vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1318-1324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen F., Lucas R., Fulton D. The subcellular compartmentalization of arginine metabolizing enzymes and their role in endothelial dysfunction. Front. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 4, p. 184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen F., Lucas R., Fulton D. The subcellular compartmentalization of arginine metabolizing enzymes and their role in endothelial dysfunction. Front. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 4, p. 184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das P., Lahiri A., Lahiri A., Chakravortty D. Modulation of the Arginase Pathway in the Context of Microbial Pathogenesis: A Metabolic Enzyme Moonlighting as an Immune Modulator. PLoS Pathog., 2010, Vol. 6, no. 6, e1000899.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das P., Lahiri A., Lahiri A., Chakravortty D. Modulation of the Arginase Pathway in the Context of Microbial Pathogenesis: A Metabolic Enzyme Moonlighting as an Immune Modulator. PLoS Pathog., 2010, Vol. 6, no. 6, e1000899.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Degnan B.A., Palmer J.M., Robson T., Jones C.E., Fischer M., Glanville M., Mellor G.D., Diamond A.G., Kehoe M.A., Goodacre J.A. Inhibition of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation by Streptococcus pyogenes cell extract is associated with arginine deiminase activity. Infect. Immun., 1998, Vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 3050-3058.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degnan B.A., Palmer J.M., Robson T., Jones C.E., Fischer M., Glanville M., Mellor G.D., Diamond A.G., Kehoe M.A., Goodacre J.A. Inhibition of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation by Streptococcus pyogenes cell extract is associated with arginine deiminase activity. Infect. Immun., 1998, Vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 3050-3058.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Durante W. Role of arginase in vessel wall remodeling. Front. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 4, p. 111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durante W. Role of arginase in vessel wall remodeling. Front. Immunol., 2013, Vol. 4, p. 111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edgell C.-J.S., McDonald C.C., Graham J.B. Permanent cell line expressing human factor VIII-related antigen established by hybridization. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, Vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 3734-3737.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edgell C.-J.S., McDonald C.C., Graham J.B. Permanent cell line expressing human factor VIII-related antigen established by hybridization. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, Vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 3734-3737.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feun L.G., Kuo M.T., Savaraj N. Arginine deprivation in cancer therapy. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 2015, Vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 78-82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feun L.G., Kuo M.T., Savaraj N. Arginine deprivation in cancer therapy. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 2015, Vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 78-82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiedler T., Strauss M., Hering S., Redanz U., William D., Rosche Y., Classen C.F., Kreikemeyer B., Linnebacher M., Maletzki C. Arginine deprivation by arginine deiminase of Streptococcus pyogenes controls primary glioblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biol. Ther., 2015, Vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1047-1055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiedler T., Strauss M., Hering S., Redanz U., William D., Rosche Y., Classen C.F., Kreikemeyer B., Linnebacher M., Maletzki C. Arginine deprivation by arginine deiminase of Streptococcus pyogenes controls primary glioblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biol. Ther., 2015, Vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1047-1055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim R.H., Bold R.J., Kung H.J.. ADI, autophagy and apoptosis: metabolic stress as a therapeutic option for prostate cancer. Autophagy, 2009, Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 567-568.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim R.H., Bold R.J., Kung H.J.. ADI, autophagy and apoptosis: metabolic stress as a therapeutic option for prostate cancer. Autophagy, 2009, Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 567-568.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuo M.T., Savaraj N., Feun L.G. Targeted cellular metabolism for cancer chemotherapy with recombinant arginine-degrading enzymes. LG.Oncotarget., 2010, Vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 246-251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuo M.T., Savaraj N., Feun L.G. Targeted cellular metabolism for cancer chemotherapy with recombinant arginine-degrading enzymes. LG.Oncotarget., 2010, Vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 246-251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park I.-S., Kang S.-W., Shin Y.-J., Chae K.-Y., Park M.-O., Kim M.-Y., Wheatley D.N., Min B.-H. Arginine deiminase: a potential inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumour growth. British Journal of Cancer., 2003, Vol. 89, pp. 907-914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park I.-S., Kang S.-W., Shin Y.-J., Chae K.-Y., Park M.-O., Kim M.-Y., Wheatley D.N., Min B.-H. Arginine deiminase: a potential inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumour growth. British Journal of Cancer., 2003, Vol. 89, pp. 907-914.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shen L.J., Lin W.C., Beloussow K., Hosoya K., Terasaki T., Ann D.K., Shen W.C.. Recombinant arginine deiminase as a diﬀerential modulator of inducible (iNOS) and endothelial (eNOS) nitric oxide synthetase activity in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2003, Vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 1945-1952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen L.J., Lin W.C., Beloussow K., Hosoya K., Terasaki T., Ann D.K., Shen W.C.. Recombinant arginine deiminase as a diﬀerential modulator of inducible (iNOS) and endothelial (eNOS) nitric oxide synthetase activity in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2003, Vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 1945-1952.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Starikova E.A., Sokolov A.V., Vlasenko A.Y., Burova L.A., Freidlin I.S., Vasilyev V.B. Biochemical and biological activity of arginine deiminase from Streptococcus pyogenes M22. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2016, Vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 129-137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starikova E.A., Sokolov A.V., Vlasenko A.Y., Burova L.A., Freidlin I.S., Vasilyev V.B. Biochemical and biological activity of arginine deiminase from Streptococcus pyogenes M22. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2016, Vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 129-137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stockbauer K.E., Magoun L., Liu M., Burns E.H., Gubba S., Renish S., Pan X., Bodaryi S.C.,Baker E., Coburn J., Leong J.M., Musser J.M. A natural variant of the cysteine protease virulence factor of group A Streptococcus with an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif preferentially binds human integrins avb3 and aIIbb3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1999, Vol. 96, pp. 242-247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stockbauer K.E., Magoun L., Liu M., Burns E.H., Gubba S., Renish S., Pan X., Bodaryi S.C.,Baker E., Coburn J., Leong J.M., Musser J.M. A natural variant of the cysteine protease virulence factor of group A Streptococcus with an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif preferentially binds human integrins avb3 and aIIbb3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1999, Vol. 96, pp. 242-247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshida J., Yoshimura M., Takamura S., Kobayashi S. Puriﬁcation and characterization of an antitumor principle from Streptococcus hemolyticus, Su strain. Jpn. J. Cancer. Res., 1985, Vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 213-223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshida J., Yoshimura M., Takamura S., Kobayashi S. Puriﬁcation and characterization of an antitumor principle from Streptococcus hemolyticus, Su strain. Jpn. J. Cancer. Res., 1985, Vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 213-223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshida J., Ishibashi T., Nishio M. Growth-inhibitory eﬀect of a streptococcal antitumor glycoprotein on human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells: involvement of dephosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res., 2001, Vol. 61, no. 16, pp. 6151-6157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshida J., Ishibashi T., Nishio M. Growth-inhibitory eﬀect of a streptococcal antitumor glycoprotein on human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells: involvement of dephosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res., 2001, Vol. 61, no. 16, pp. 6151-6157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhuo W., Song X., Zhou H., Luo Y. Arginine deiminase modulates endothelial tip cells via excessive synthesis of reactive oxygen species. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2011, Vol. 5, pp. 1376-1381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuo W., Song X., Zhou H., Luo Y. Arginine deiminase modulates endothelial tip cells via excessive synthesis of reactive oxygen species. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2011, Vol. 5, pp. 1376-1381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuniga M., Perez G., Gonzalez-Candelas F.. Evolution of arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 2002, Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 429-444.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuniga M., Perez G., Gonzalez-Candelas F.. Evolution of arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 2002, Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 429-444.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
